Advanced Object-Oriented Programming MIDTERM

C#

developed by Microsoft in the early 2000s

C#

known for its OOP features and simplicity

using Directives

used to import namespaces, containing classes and other types used in the program

Namespaces

to organize code into logical groups and prevent naming conflicts

class declaration

classes are blueprints for creating objects encapsulating data and behavior

Main Method and Program Execution Flow

contains the program's main logic

Additional Methods and Class Members

a class can contain additional methods and class members defining the behavior of the program

Console.Write() and Console.WriteLine()

are used to output text, variables, and other data to the console

Console.WriteLine()

appends a new line character at the end of the output, moving the cursor to the next line

Format Specifiers

used within the string to indicate how variables should be formatted

Escape Sequences

special character combinations that represent characters that cannot be printed using the normal way of printing

\n or New Line

Moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line

\t or tab

Inserts a horizontal tab

\" Double Qoute

Inserts a double quote character

\' Single Qoute

Inserts a single quote character

\\ or Backslash

Inserts a backslash character

\b or Backspace

Moves the cursor back one position

\r or Carriage return

Moves the cursor to the beginning of the current line

{ and }

the function definition is placed inside these characters

Member Variables

These are places inside thr curly braces when defining a structure

Placeholders

used within output statements to specify the position and format of variable values. They are represented by format specifiers, enclosed in { and }

numeric position

Placeholders are identified by their (___________) within the curly braces

control the formatting

Format specifiers are used to (______________) of the displayed values

{0:d} or {0:D}

Format the 1st argument as a decimal (integer) number

{1:f} or {1:F}

Format the 2nd argument as a floating-point number

{2:c} or {2:C}

Format the 3rd argument as a currency value

{3:s} or {3:S}

Format the 4th argument as a string

Console.ReadLine()

is used to accept a string input from the user

int.Parse()

used to convert the input string into an integer

float.Parse()

used to convert the input string into a float

while loop

repeats a code block as long as specified condition is true----condition is evaluated BEFORE each iteration of the loop

do-while loop

allows you to repeat a code block at least once, and then continue repeating it as long as a specified condition is true------the condition is checked AFTER each iteration

for loop

allows you to repeat a code block a specific number of times----provides a concise and structured way to control loop iterations

syntax of while loop

while(condition) { //statements}

syntax of do-while loop

do{ //statements}while(condition);

syntax of for loop

for(initialization; condition; increment/decrement){ //statements}

initialization

initializes the loop control variable

condition

evaluated before each iteration

increment/ decrement

modifies the loop control variable; commonly used for incrementing and decrementing loop counter

Nested Loops

a powerful way to perform repetitive tasks that require multiple iterations

outer loop

for control and execution of inner loop

inner loop

iterations of the outer loop

break

prematurely terminates the execution of the loop

continue

used to skip the current iteration of a loop and move to the next iteration

array

a fundamental data structure in C# that allows you to store a COLLECTION of elements of the SAME type

Array traversal

process of accessing array elements one-by-one, allowing you to perform operation on individual elements or analyze the entire array

One-Dimensional Array

the simplest form of arrays and provides a convenient way to store and manipulate collections of data

arrayName.Length()

returns the value of the array's length/size

Two-Dimensional Array

Array containing multiple rows and columns, forming a grid-like structure

arrayName.GetLength(0);

returns the value of the array's length/size for rows

arrayName.GetLength(1);

returns the value of the array's length/size for columns

Function

encapsulates reusable codes / promotes the Don't Repeat Yourself (DRY) principle

return type, name, and parameters

A function is defined with a (_____), (_____), and (________) enclosed in parentheses

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: A function is called by specifying its name and passing the arguments if required

access_modifier

Specifies the accessibility of the function. It can be public, or private,or protected

return_type

Data type of the value the function returns. Use void if the function doesn't return any value

function_name

A unique name for the function, following the C# naming conventions

parameter_list

List of input parameters (if any) that the function expects. If there are no parameters, leave the parentheses empty

Function Body

Block of code inside the function where the task is performed

return value

If the function has a non-void return type, it must return a value of that type using the return statement

Actual Parameters

values passed on to the function when it is called

Formal Parameters

placeholders defined in the method declaration or definition

Passing by Value

C# passes parameters by value by default

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: Any changes made to the formal parameters within the method do NOT affect the original values of the actual parameters

Passing by Reference

allows methods to modify the original values of the actual parameters directly

ref

To pass by reference in C#, the (___) keyword is used

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: By passing a variable by reference to a method, any changes made to the formal parameters within the method will AFFECT the original values of the actual parameters

return Keyword

used to exit a method and provide a value to the caller

void

used if methods do not need to return any value

Recursive Functions

A function that CALLS ITSELF to solve a smaller instance of the same problem

Base Case

The simplest form of the problem that can be directly solved

Recursive Case

Where the function calls itself with a reduced version of the original problem until it reaches the base case

Structures

A fundamental concept in the C# programming language that allow you to define and manipulate COMPOSITE data types

Structures

They are used to group related data items of different types into a single unit

structure name ---- variable name

To create an instance, you use the (__________) followed by the (___________) and optionally initialize the members

dot (.) operator

used in accessing structure members

Classes

serve as essential blueprints for creating objects, which are instances of those classes

Fields

represent the STATE or CHARACTERISTICS of an object.

Methods

define the BEHAVIOR of the objects.

FALSE - Fields

TRUE OR FALSE: Methods They are defined within the class and store the object's data.

FALSE - Methods

TRUE OR FALSE: Fields allow you to perform actions or calculations related to the object's state

Methods

a block of code that performs a specific task and is designed to be reusable

Methods

typically associated with objects and are called on instances of classes.

Parameters

are accepted by methods, serves asits inputs.

Method Overloading

allows you to define multiple methods with the SAME NAME in the SAME CLASS, but with DIFFERENT PARAMETER lists.

Method Overloading

The methods must have either DIFFERENT TYPES or a DIFFERENT NUMBER of parameters.

Method Overriding

It occurs when a subclass provides a specific implementation for a method already defined by its superclass.

Method Overriding

both the method and method signature must be the same.

ACCESS MODIFIERS

determine the visibility and accessibility of methods.

public

The method is accessible from any class.

protected

The method is accessible within its class, subclasses, and other classes in the same assembly.

internal

The method is accessible within its class and other classes in the same assembly (assembly-private).

private

The method is only accessible within its class.

constructor

a special method used for initial values or perform setup tasks for the object.

constructor

They have the same name as the class they belong to and automatically called when an object of the class is created.

automatically ---- new

The constructor is called (____) when you create an object using the (___) keyword.

class

The constructor's name must be the same as the (___) name.

default constructor

C# automatically provides a (____________) if a constructor is not explicitly defined.

PARAMETERIZED CONSTRUCTOR

These are constructors accepting parameters.

CONSTRUCTOR OVERLOADING

This allows you to define multiple constructors within the same class, each taking a different set of parameters.