Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Where in the body did Plato believe the 'mind' was located?
Spherical head
How did Aristotle disagree w/Plato?
He believed the mind was in the heart
How did Franz Gall contribute to the mind-body question?
Proposed phrenology, studying bumps on the skull that could reveal a person's mental abilities & traits
In what way was Franz Gall incorrect? In what way was he correct?
Correct:He pointed toward the idea that various brain regions have particular brain functions
Incorrect:Bumps on the skull tell us nothing about the brains underlying funtions
.What happy fact allows us to study animal brains to learn about human brains?
Information system of humans & other animals operate similarly
Dendrite
Receive message & conducts impulses towards cell body
Cell body
-Integrates info received from the neuron
-Produces energy that fuels neurons activity
Axon
-Passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands
-Carries nerve impulses away from the cell body
Terminal branchces
-End of axon
-Where neurotransmitters are released
Myelin sheath
Fatty tissue wrapped around axons that increase the speed at which impulses propagate along the axon
Describe what the action potential is & why it is important to neural communication
-Brief electrical charge that travels down its axon
-A neural impulse that allows signals to be transmitted
The fluid outside the axon membrane is largely made up of ____________________ charged ions but the fluid inside the membrane is primarily made up of ___________________ charged ions. This state is referred to as the ____________________ ________________________. We refer to the axon's surface as ______________________________ permeable since it will only allow particular ions to pass through
Positively, negatively, resting potential, selectively,
When a neuron fires, the axon membrane becomes permeable & ________________________ sodium ions flow into the cell. This ________________________ that part of the axon & then causes the next section of the membrane to become permeable. This occurs over & over down the line of the axon & serves to push the nerve impulse down the neuron
Positively charged, depolarizes,
During the ___________________ _____________________, the _____________________ are pumped back out of the cell & the axon returns to the original state of polarity, called the _____________________ _______________________, prepared to fire again
Refractory period, positively charged sodium ions, action potential
What is the difference between an excitatory nerve signal & an inhibitory nerve signal?
-Excitatory:Bring membrane closer to threshold(stimulus required to trigger an action potential)
-Ex:Pushing on the accelerator
-Inhibitory:Make reaching threshold less likely
-Ex:Pushing on the brake
What is a threshold?
Level of stimulus needed to trigger an nervous impulse
What happens when the level of neural stimulation above the threshold is increased? Why?
-A strong stimulus will trigger more neurons to fire & fire more often
-It does not increase the neural impulses intensity because of the all or none response
What is a synapse?
Junction between the axon terminals of 1 neuron & the dendrites of another
How do neurons communicate with each other?
When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters that cross the synaptic gap & bind to receptors on the receiving neuron
What is reuptake?
When the sending neuron reabsorbs the excess neurotransmitters
Give an example of an agonist & describe how its functions in the nervous system
-Molecules similar enough to a neurotransmitter that it can bind to a receptor & mimic its effect & stimulate a response
-Ex:Opiates produce a temporary ¨high¨ by amplifying normal sensations of arousal
Give an example of an antagonist & describe how it functions in the nervous system
-Molecule that binds to a receptor site & inhibits or blocks a response
-Ex:Botulinum, a poison, causes paralysis by blocking the release of ACh
Describe how Botulin functions as an antagonist for acetylcholine
Blocks release of ACh leading to paralysis
What effect does the release of endorphins have on the body?
Good feelings such as the ¨runners high¨
Peripheral N-system
-Sensory & motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
-Gather info for transmitting CNS decisions to other body parts
Central nervous system
Brain & spinal cord
Sympathetic N-system
-Division of autonomic system that arouses the body
-Fight or flight
-Response in stressful situations
Parasympathetic N-system
-Division of autonomic system that calms the body
-Rest & digest
Autonomic N-system
Part of PNS that controls the actions of glands & muscles of internal organs(heart rate, digestion, bp)
Somatic N-system
Part of PNS that works w/voluntary control of skeletal muscles
Ex of a life situation where the PNS would be involved
The PNS carries the message to move your legs to the rest of the body
Ex of a life situation where the Autonomic N-system would be involved
Digesting food, heartbeat
Ex of a life situation when the CNS would be involved
-Deciding what food to eat
-Recognizing a familiar face
Ex of a life situation where the Somatic N-system would be involved
-Raising your hand when you know an answer
-Standing up when the bell rings
-Choosing to kick a ball
Ex of a life situation where the Sympathetic N-system would be involved
-Someone startling you
-Being stuck in a small place
Ex of a life situation where the Parasympathetic system would be involved
-Calming
-Resting/digesting after eating thanksgiving meal
How is the pupil of eye affected when the sympathetic & parasympathetic N-system are stimulated?
S:Dilates pupil
P:Contracts pupil
How is the heart affected when the sympathetic & parasympathetic N-system are stimulated?
S:Accelerates heart beat
P:Slows heartbeat
How is the stomach affected when the Sympathetic & Parasympathetic N-systems are stimulated?
S:Inhibits digestion
P:Stimulates digestion
How is the liver affected when the Sympathetic & Parasympathetic N-systems are stimulated?
S:Glucose is released by liver
P:No effect
How is the gallbladder affected when the Sympathetic & Parasympathetic N-systems are stimulated?
S:No effect
P:Stimulates gallbladder
How are the adrenal glands affected when the Sympathetic & Parasympathetic N-systems are stimulated?
S:Stimulates secretion of epinephrine, norepinephrine
P:No effect
How is the bladder affected when the Sympathetic & Parasympathetic N-systems are stimulated?
S:Relaxes bladder
P:Contracts bladder
How are sex organs affected when the Sympathetic & Parasympathetic N-systems are stimulated?
S:Stimulates ejaculation in males
P:Allows blood flow to sex organs
Sensory neuron
Carry incoming info from the sensory receptors to the brain & spinal cord
Interneuron
A nerve cell that relays messages between nerve cells, especially in the brain & spinal cord
Motor neuron
Carries info from the brain & spinal cord to the muscles & glands
In what ways do endocrine & nervous systems act similarly? In what ways do they act differently?
Similarly:Both produce molecules that act on receptors elsewhere. Both send messages throughout the body that affect organs or glands
Differently:E-system produces hormones & N-system produces neurotransmitters. N-system sends messages quickly while the messages in the E-system travel in blood, taking longer to get to organs/tissues
How does the endocrines systems release of hormones influence us?
They influence our interest in sex, food & aggression
Hypothalamus
-Controls pituitary gland
-Regulates hunger & thirst
-Regulates sleep
-Drives
Ovary
Secretes female hormones
Adrenal glands
Endocrine glands that sit above the kidneys & secrete hormones (epinephrine & norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress
Pituitary gland
Releases growth hormone, oxytocin & other hormones
Thyroid gland
Affect metabolism
Testis
Secretes male sex hormones
Pancreas
Regulates level of sugar in the blood
Parathyroid
Regulate level of calcium in blood
Why is the pituitary gland referred to as the ¨master gland¨?
It influences the release of hormones by other endocrine glands
What does it mean to lesion the brain? Why is this procedure important to studying the brain?
-Destroy a tiny cluster of brain cells
-By destroying a portion of the brain, researchers can learn what behaviors/thoughts/emotions/memories are controlled by what part of the brain
Electroencephalogram(EEG)
-Electrodes placed on scalp
-Shows electrical activity across a brains surface
Computed technology(CT)
-X-ray from many angles & combined by computer to see slice of brain
-Shows brain damage
Positron Emission Tomography(PET)
-Track gamma rays as someone performs a given task after given radioactive glucose
-Measures glucose use
-Shows hot spots where brain areas are active as a person does various activities
Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)
-Magnetic fields & radio waves
-Shows soft tissue & structure of brain
Functional MRI(fMRI)
-Functional MRI
-fMRI
-Compare MRI scans
-Reveals brain structure/function by showing blood flow
What are the functions of the brainstem structures?
Automatic survival functions
Medulla
-Controls visceral activities
-Controls heartbeat & breathing
Pons
-Coordinate movement
-Maintain breathing
Thalamus
-Relay area for sensory impulses
-Directs messages to sensory receiving areas of Cortex & transmits replies to Cerebellum & Medulla
Reticular formation
Controls arousal & focus
Cerebellum
-Process sensory input
-Coordinate movement
-Enables nonverbal learning & memory
What are the functions of the limbic system?
Associated w/emotions & drives
Components of limbic system
Amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland
Components of brainstem
Medulla oblongata, pons, thalamus, reticular formation
Amygdala
Linked to aggression & fear
Hippocampus
Processes conscious memories
Hypothalamus
-Regulate hunger, thirst, body temp & sexual behavior
-Govern E-system, linked to emotions/rewards
Pituitary gland
Under the influence of the hypothalamus that regulates the growth & control of other endocrine glands
What have experiments revealed about a dopamine-related reward pathway in humans?
-Pleasure received from the release of dopamine can impact behaviors
-Stimulated patients can become calmer & experience pleasure
ACh
-Enables muscle action
-Alzheimer's disease is due to a deterioration of ACh
Dopamine
-Influences movement, learning, attention & emotion
-Oversupply=Schizophrenia
-Undersupply=Parkinson's disease
Serotonin
-Affects mood, hunger, sleep, & arousal
-Undersupply=Depression
Norepinephrine
-Controls alertness & arousal
-Undersupply=Depress mood