Kaplan Test 10

Rate Law Units

Torque Definition

a twisting or rotational force that makes an object turn around a central point or axis

torque = rFsintheta. r is equal to distance between force and pivot(central point)

Common Ion Effect

a chemistry rule based on Le Chatelier's Principle. When you add an ion that is already part of a chemical equilibrium to a solution, the system shifts to the left.

Power and focal Length: Look for “optical power”

P = 1/focal length

Kinematics Equations (MEMORIZE)

vf = vi + at

delta x = vit + 1/2at²

vf² = vi² + 2a delta x or y

delta x = (vi + vf)/2 x t

What happens to line with semilogarithmic

it straightens

Synthesis location of glycoproteins

Rough ER→ viruses don’t have their own ribosomes

Absolute Refractory Period

It occurs during depolarization and most of repolarization of an action potential.

During this time, another action potential cannot occur, no matter how strong the stimulus is.

The reason is that voltage-gated Na⁺ channels are inactivated and cannot reopen until the membrane

Cytokines

small proteins released by cells that act as chemical messengers. They help cells communicate. They control immune responses, inflammation, and cell growth

Totipotent, Pluripotent, Multipotent, and Unipotent

Totipotent: can become all cell types, including embryonic + extraembryonic tissues like placenta.

Pluripotent: can become any body cell, but not placenta/extraembryonic tissue.

Multipotent: can become several related cell types within one tissue/lineage.

Unipotent: can become one cell type only.

Potency

More Potent→ less amount of concentration to be effective

Less Potent→ more amount of concentration to be effective

Genetic Drift

random change in allele frequencies, especially in small populations.

Disruptive Selection

favors both extremes and selects against the intermediate.

Stabilizing Selection

favors the intermediate and selects against both extremes.

Directional Selection

favors one extreme, shifting the population toward that trait.

Pepsin Activity pH ranges

1-4

Confounding Variable

an outside factor in a study that affects both the independent variable (the cause) and the dependent variable (the effect)

Sensory vs Habituation

Sensory adaptation: your sensory receptors become less responsive to a constant stimulus.

Habituation: your brain learns to ignore a repeated, harmless stimulus

Sensitization

Increased response after repeated or strong stimulation.

Structural Racism vs Individual Discrimination

Structural→ Institutional level racism

Individual→ discrimination carried out by one person

Reaction Formation

a defense mechanism where a person behaves in the opposite way of how they actually feel.

Mere Exposure Effect

repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to increasingly positive feeling towards it.

Attribution Theory

tendency for individuals to infer causes to other’s people’s behavior by using two attributions: situational and dispositional

Cultural Transmission vs Cultural Diffusion

Cultural Transmission→ passing down of cultural between generations→ within a single culture

Cultural Diffusion→ spread of cultural items from one group to another

Intersectionality Theory

Intersectionality theory says that a person’s different social identities can overlap and interact, creating unique experiences of privilege or disadvantage.

Examples of identities can include:

race

gender

social class

sexuality

disability

Impression Management

people’s attempt to influence how other’s perceive them

Components of Language

Please Make Studying Sociology Painless.

Phonology = sounds

Morphology = word parts

Syntax = sentence structure

Semantics = literal meaning

Pragmatics = meaning/use in context

Causal Links

Manipulation of an independent variable

Random assignment

Control of confounding variables

A clear temporal order: cause happens before effect

Rational Choice Theory

focuses on individual decision making in which the emphasis is on a careful evaluation of the costs and benefits

Psychoanalytical

placed emphasis on unconscious internal states that determine the overt actions of individuals and determine personality

Thomas Theorem

people's behavior is guided by their subjective interpretation of reality rather than objective facts

Lens

focuses light on retina by changing shape

Myopia vs Hyperopia

Myopia = front = concave/divergent ​

Hyperopia = behind = convex/convergent

Reticular Formation

mainly involved in arousal, alertness, attention, and sleep-wake regulation

Pons

sleep, breathing, and communication between the cerebrum and cerebellum.

Common Fate

objects moving in the same direction and same rate are perceived as being part of the same group

Normative Social Influence

conforming to a group’s behavior to fit in, be like or avoid rejection