Studied by 7 people
What is the development gap
A term used to describe the polarisation of the worlds population into “haves” and “have nots” It is usually measured in terms of economic and social development indicators. Development gaps exist between and within states and societies.
What are the SDG’s
Sustainable development goals made by the UN in 2015. They provide a plan for human development, and set out priorities for action. They aim to end poverty, fight inequality and injustice and tackle climate change.
How does income per capita measure human development
It is calculated by taking a source of income for a country and dividing it by the population size. However it can give a misleadingly high result due to large numbers of high-earners inflating the mean.
How does GDP measure human development
It is calculated as the final value of the output of goods and services inside a nations border (eg. crude estimate of nations income)
However it is hard to get accurate as all citizen earnings must be accounted for, even in informal sector. Also to make comparisons it is all converted into US dollars, so some data may be unreliable due to changes in exchange rate.
How does HDI measure human development
It ranks countries according to economic criteria (eg. GNI per capita, adjusted for PPP) and social criteria (eg. Life expectancy and literacy.) It was devised by the UN development programme.
However literacy and life expectancy are not easy to record reliably. Also recently many people have been displaced from their home countries due to war/disaster so accurate HDI data from these countries is close to impossible.
How does GII measure human development
It is an index devised by the UN, measuring gender inequalities. It uses reproductive health (measured by maternal mortality and adolescent birth rates), female empowerment (measured by proportion of women with secondary education and also parliamentary seats) and labour force participation. ]
Countries which do not view equal rights for women as a valid measure of development will not support (eg. Kuwait does not allow women to stand for parliament), collecting reliable data for labour force participation is difficult due to informal sector.
What is the informal sector
Unofficial forms of employment that are not easily made subject to government regulation or taxation.
How are women empowered by decent work in Bolivia
Focus on La Paz, Bolivia / Guatemala
Many indigenous women come to the capital in search of work and end up working in labour and service.
They are not fully aware of their rights, and often face discrimination
In Guatemala, young indigenous girls often work as domestic workers eg. cleaners.
Again they are not aware of their rights, and some want to continue education and learn more about rights to make better decisions.
Domestic workers often face punishment for mistakes. They find it difficult to obtain their basic rights.
A project funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency works with stakeholders in an integrated approach to educate indigenous women on their rights, enhance their skills and improve on job safety.
Focuses on construction workers in Bolivia.
A separate project helps domestic workers in Guatemala, they are often abused and infringement of their rights. This is because domestic work is not recognized by the legal framework.
They ensure that domestic workers are paid a fair wage, and they are aware of their rights.
How is womens education promoted in Morocco
Up to 70% of women and girls are illiterate in rural Morocco, they are unable to access secondary education
School is too far away from rural villages and families are too poor to send them away.
EFA (education for all) in Morocco is combatting this by building and running safe, fully equipped boarding houses.
What is Social entrepreneurship
refers to solutions from individuals, groups and businesses towards addressing social and environmental issues.
What is microfinancing
Microfinance lending schemes aim to reduce poverty, address social issues including gender discrimination and enable market access to the poor.
It is a loan which needs to be paid back, it helps support small businesses grow with small loans
Most people who receive microfinancing are farmers who need money to improve their business.
The schemes often focus on women to enable them to make independent financial decisions.
What are some criticisms of micro-financing
Their interest rates can be higher than those of commercial banks, but lower than loan sharks
Some people will use their loans to pay for food or healthcare, rather than improving or starting their own businesses
What does fair trade do
Normally very little money actually gets to the farmers who farm the product
This can be due to fluctuations in temperature affecting crop yields
Coffee farmers (for example) are powerless in the free market
Fair trade makes farmers part of a democratic collective
What are some advantages of fair trade
The farmers know the true value of their product, making it easier for them to negotiate prices
As a part of the collective they can learn from each other and perfect farming techniques
They have access to credit
There is a minimum price they must be paid
They also get a premium, giving them a stable income
What are some disadvantages of fair trade
Other fair trade symbols are being introduced by companies to improve their look and increase profits, but not follow fair trade standards
Criticism of the fair trade company for working with companies which have behaved unethically in the past.
Fair trade cannot guarantee fair trade minimum prices for all farmers as they cannot monitor all transactions.
How does Starbucks practise corporate social responsibility
HQ in Seattle, USA
Over 38,000 stores in 80 countries
“Starbuckization” is the same experience no matter where you are. A good example of cultural diffusion of western cultural traits.
Coffee buying business of Starbucks is based in Switzerland due to lower taxes.
Education programmes, building schools in rural communities in Costa Rica and Guatemala.
Cafe practises buying programmes, farmers stay in business as they are being paid a fair price despite fluctuations in supply and demand.
Farmers' access to meals, dental care and medical care, Environmental programmes, restrictions on chemicals, create wildlife buffer zones.
How does the Rana Plaza disaster link to corporate social responsibility
Rana Plaza disaster
In April of 2013 an eight story garment factory in Dhaka, Bangladesh collapsed.
The collapse killed more than 1,100 people
The workers warned the bosses that the building was unsafe however they were told to keep working with the threat of losing their jobs
Planning permission was given for a six story building, not an eight story building so it was structurally unsafe.
Bangladesh is the world's second largest textile producer and the Rana Plaza hosted textile production for companies such as Gap and Primark.
The main advantage for textile production is the low cost of labour, their minimum wage
As a result of the collapse, many clothing companies made efforts to improve their CSR (corporate social responsibility).
Also following the disaster Nike and Gap had to deal with child labour allegations.
Walmart launched a fire safety training facility there
Gap announced plans to help factory owners upgrade their plants and improve safety.
Primark provided long term compensation to the workers/their families.
Its estimated to cost 3 billion dollars to make all the garment factories in Bangladesh safe, which would barely increase the cost of garments but increase safety of workers
What is cultural diversity
The level of heterogeneity (difference) exhibited by a community in terms of ethnicity, religion, language, and other defining cultural traits. Cultures that lack diversity show homogeneity (sameness)
What is a global culture
A shared sense of belonging at the planetary scale that is demonstrated through common ways of communicating, consuming media and food, dressing or behaving (including shared social norms eg. commitment to upholding human rights)
How do TNC’s influence global culture
They globally disperse food, clothes and other goods.
Western companies eg. Nike, Apple, Lego have released uniform items globally, bringing cultural change.
Asian technology eg. Samsung, Huawei have an increasingly important influence on entertainment and social media patterns.
How does global media influence global culture
Disney has exported stories of princess, princes etc. globally. As well as Christmas which is a western christian holiday, which has been spread globally.
BBC gives the UK a high level of global cultural influence.
Bollywood and Japanese TV eg Pokemon have has an important non-western impact on TV.
How does migration and tourism impact a global culture
Europeans have travelled widely during the age of empires and brought languages and customs with them. Tourists introduce cultural change to the places they visit. Western tourists diffuse western culture.
What are some advantages of cultural imperialism
There may be a greater variety of commodities available
It may mean new technologies are introduced
Language skills may increase
Economic development may take place as trade increases between two locations
What are some disadvantages of cultural imperialism
Places around the World become increasingly homogenised (the same)
Local cultures are lost or diluted (language, dress, food, music, etc.)
Local businesses may be forced out of business they can't compete with large international TNCs
Economic and political exploitation e.g. resources may be stripped, taxes not paid.
What is glocalisation
Glocalization: The adaptation of a global product for a local market place. The word comes from an amalgamation of the words globalisation and localisation.
How have Mcdonalds used Glocalisation
In Muslim countries, pork is removed from the menu, and Halal food is used
In Hindu countries, beef is removed from the menu
In Jewish countries, Kosher food is used
During Ramadan, buffets are offered at the breaking of fast
Changing of language in menus
Mcrice in Indonesia, McTikka burger in India
What is hegemonic power
The ability of a powerful state or player to influence outcomes without reverting to “hard power” tactics eg. military force. Instead power is exerted through “soft” strategies eg. persuasion, diplomacy, aid, media and education.
What is cultural hybridity
When a new culture develops, whose traits combine 2 or more different sets of influences
What is a financescape
A modern landscape of tower blocks and offices that incorporates state of the art architecture and which is usually designed to impress by reaching greater heights than the surrounding districts
How has the Irish Diaspora influenced USA culture
Created to affirm religious freedom and tolerance, St. Patrick’s Cathedral in New York was built in the democratic spirit, paid for not only by the contributions of thousands of poor immigrants but also by the generosity of citizens who pledged thousands of dollars each. St. Patrick's Cathedral is the largest, Catholic cathedral in North America. It was constructed in the City of New York in reflection of the “increasing numbers, intelligence, and wealth as a religious community”. Alongside the church itself, many Irish devotional traditions have continued for centuries as a part of the Catholic church’s local culture. One such tradition, unbroken since ancient times, is of annual pilgrimages to sacred Celtic Christian places.
The annual celebration of Saint Patrick’s Day may be the most widely recognized symbol of the Irish presence in America. In cities throughout the United States, this traditional Irish religious holiday becomes an opportunity to celebrate all things Irish, or things believed to be “Irish”. The largest celebration of the holiday takes place in New York, where the annual St. Patrick’s Day Parade draws an average of two million people.The water in the White House’s fountain dyed green. President Biden is continuing the regular tradition that started in 2009 thanks to former first lady Michelle Obama. She got the green inspiration from Chicago’s annual river dyeing that marks the holiday.
McDonalds introduced the Shamrock Shake in 1970 - a seasonal green mint flavored milkshake dessert. This was invented in celebration of St. Patrick’s Day and became an instant success. However, now the company produces these throughout the entire month of March by marketing “the arrival of Shamrock Shake Season marks the unofficial start to spring”.
Since the arrival of nearly two million Irish immigrants in the 1840s, the urban Irish cop and firefighter have become virtual icons of American popular culture. In many large cities, the police and fire departments have been dominated by the Irish for over 100 years, even after the ethnic Irish residential populations in those cities dwindled to small minorities.
Many police and fire departments maintain large “Emerald Societies” bagpipe marching groups, or other similar units demonstrating their pride in their Irish heritage.
What are some examples of geopolitical shocks, which have been said to cause de-globalisation
2001- Attack on the US World trade centre by Al Qaeda, this disrupted “business as usual” globalisation
2014- Russian Annexation of Crimea.
2016- Brexit. Uk leaving the EU, could spark a disintegration.
What are civil societies
Any organisation or movement which works in the area between the household, the private sector and the state to negotiate matters of public concern. Includes NGO’s, community groups, trade unions, academic institutions and faith-based organisations.
What is a nationalist movement
A political movement focused on national independence or the abandonment of policies that are viewed by some people as a threat to national sovereignty/national culture
What are some reasons for civil society opposition against TNC’s
Growing global wealth divide between richest and poorest countries. By only investing in certain regions they create a world of “haves” and “have nots”
Environmental degradation. Critics hold TNC’s responsible for polluting and destroying local, fragile habitats.
Tax avoidance. Through tax avoidance mechanisms they can avoid contributing to funds for education, hospitals etc.
Why do people hold an anti-immigration stance
Nationalism
Ethnic nationalism
Fears over loss of jobs/housing
Sovereignty (the right to control an area)
Nativism = promote the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants by supporting anti-immigration measures.
What are some reasons anti-immigrant groups are formed
Competition for jobs/housing
Pressure on infrastructure
Heightened cost of housing, education and health.
Some immigrant groups don’t integrate and can form Ghettos
Some argue migrants increase crime rate
View that they don’t want to contribute to economy through work and taxes
Some have environmental concerns due to rapid population growth (eg. Neomathusians)
Cultural changes, perceive their culture to be threatened by hybrid culture.
What are some benefits of migration for a country
Increasing cultural diversity, eg. Cuisine, fashion, music
Bringing a skilled workforce, which contributes to the economy
Can regenerate an area
Reduce an ageing population
Reduces the dependency ratio
Increased tolerance and respect for different cultures/ethnicities
Increased gene pool, increases immunity and favourable traits
Create connections and links between countries
Remittances
Challenges perceptions and increases understanding about cultures
How have anti-immigrant groups grown in the UK
Due to Brexit, EU migration to the UK has slowed down. Also due to the UK not being a part of the Schengen Agreement allowing free movement across borders without passport checks.
UKIP and the Brexit Party have been labelled as anti-immigrant. Suella Braverman and Priti Patel are former home secretary and are anti-immigrant.
The UK is moving towards a point based system, points include skilled work, STEM workers, people with qualifications. Also wealth, housing and relations. Eg. Doctors will find it easier to get into the UK.
2004- Mass migration from Eastern Europe to Lincolnshire to work in agriculture.
Lead to a changing ethnoscape and a rise in anti-immigration feelings, high Brexit voting
Migration watch- Anti immigration group
Campaigning organisation arguing for lower immigration rates into the UK
Their mission is “to control the number of non-EU migrants who are given the right to settle permanently in the United Kingdom'.”
It has called Britain's port security "resourced to fail" in stopping illegal immigration, and has opposed the idea of an amnesty for illegal immigrants in Britain
MigrationWatch claims to support the principle of political asylum but argues that many asylum seekers do not have a genuine case for qualifying for refugee status and are instead using the asylum system to gain entry to the UK for economic reasons.
Praise = said to be improving the quality of the British immigrant debate
It has been characterised as a right-wing lobby or pressure group
How have anti-immigrant groups grown in Denmark
Denmark has very strict laws and operates a points-based system. It even tries to limit ‘family reunions’ whereby a husband may be working in Denmark and the family will move from their source country at a later date.
The nationalist Danish People’s Party has put pressure on the government to enact strict migration rules. For example, the Danish government seizes asylum seekers’ assets to pay for their ‘stay’ in Denmark.
This is all despite being part of the EU and signing the Schengen Agreement (free movement within 26 countries).
How do does the government and militia put a constraint on personal freedom
In autocratic states, personal freedoms may be limited- information can be censored. Certain products may be limited in terms of who can purchase them, movements may be restricted and there might be controls over flows of capital.
How do does the government and militia put a constraint on personal freedom In North Korea
If a crime is committed by a person, the whole family/village is punished.
Public mourning is mandatory when a North Korean leader dies.
All music and media must praise Kim Jong Un and North Korea, western media is banned.
Owning a Bible is illegal, Christians are persecuted.
Freedom of travel is not allowed, tourists have to be guided and you cannot leave the hotel without a guide.
How do does the government and militia put a constraint on personal freedom In China
Autocratic state
Limits their citizens access to cross border flows of information
“Great Firewall of China” blocks western media such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and foreign media.
How have militia groups restricted personal freedoms in DRC
Between 1990s- 2010 millions of people fled their homes in DRC due to conflict and attacks by militia groups. The rise of attacks has been fueled by cheap gun prices. They forced many children to become soldiers, causing a lot of trauma. After being released from captivity they struggled finding jobs due to interrupted education. Many TNC’s have not invested in DRC because of its human development problems.
What is an autocratic state
A non-democratic state where political power is concentrated in the hands of one or more people who may not be elected
What is Militia
An armed non-official or informal military force raised by members of civil society. Militia groups are sometimes characterized as freedom fighters or terrorists in different views
What is protectionism
When state governments erect barriers to foreign trade and investment such as import taxes. The aim is to protect their own industries from competition.
What is resource nationalism
The deliberate attempt to limit imports and promote exports by putting up barriers to trade.
What are the internet restrictions and civil society challenges in Iran
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What are the internet restrictions and civil society challenges in China
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What are some more reasons for implementing trade restrictions
Ecological risks - Eg. Australian honey banned in New Zealand for fears of a biosecurity risk. Export of British Beef being halted due to fears of Mad Cow disease
Geopolitics- Eg. USA implemented a trade embargo on Cuba due to a cold war. Trade embargo on Russia after annexation of Crimea.
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