IB Geography Unit 5

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What is the development gap

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What is the development gap

A term used to describe the polarisation of the worlds population into “haves” and “have nots” It is usually measured in terms of economic and social development indicators. Development gaps exist between and within states and societies.

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What are the SDG’s

Sustainable development goals made by the UN in 2015. They provide a plan for human development, and set out priorities for action. They aim to end poverty, fight inequality and injustice and tackle climate change.

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How does income per capita measure human development

It is calculated by taking a source of income for a country and dividing it by the population size. However it can give a misleadingly high result due to large numbers of high-earners inflating the mean.

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How does GDP measure human development

It is calculated as the final value of the output of goods and services inside a nations border (eg. crude estimate of nations income)

However it is hard to get accurate as all citizen earnings must be accounted for, even in informal sector. Also to make comparisons it is all converted into US dollars, so some data may be unreliable due to changes in exchange rate.

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How does HDI measure human development

It ranks countries according to economic criteria (eg. GNI per capita, adjusted for PPP) and social criteria (eg. Life expectancy and literacy.) It was devised by the UN development programme.

However literacy and life expectancy are not easy to record reliably. Also recently many people have been displaced from their home countries due to war/disaster so accurate HDI data from these countries is close to impossible.

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How does GII measure human development

It is an index devised by the UN, measuring gender inequalities. It uses reproductive health (measured by maternal mortality and adolescent birth rates), female empowerment (measured by proportion of women with secondary education and also parliamentary seats) and labour force participation. ]

Countries which do not view equal rights for women as a valid measure of development will not support (eg. Kuwait does not allow women to stand for parliament), collecting reliable data for labour force participation is difficult due to informal sector.

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What is the informal sector

Unofficial forms of employment that are not easily made subject to government regulation or taxation.

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How are women empowered by decent work in Bolivia

Focus on La Paz, Bolivia / Guatemala

  • Many indigenous women come to the capital in search of work and end up working in labour and service. 

  • They are not fully aware of their rights, and often face discrimination

  • In Guatemala, young indigenous girls often work as domestic workers eg. cleaners. 

  • Again they are not aware of their rights, and some want to continue education and learn more about rights to make better decisions.

  • Domestic workers often face punishment for mistakes. They find it difficult to obtain their basic rights.

  • A project funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency works with stakeholders in an integrated approach to educate indigenous women on their rights, enhance their skills and improve on job safety. 

  • Focuses on construction workers in Bolivia.

  • A separate project helps domestic workers in Guatemala, they are often abused and infringement of their rights. This is because domestic work is not recognized by the legal framework.

  • They ensure that domestic workers are paid a fair wage, and they are aware of their rights.

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How is womens education promoted in Morocco

  • Up to 70% of women and girls are illiterate in rural Morocco, they are unable to access secondary education

  • School is too far away from rural villages and families are too poor to send them away.

  • EFA (education for all) in Morocco is combatting this by building and running safe, fully equipped boarding houses. 

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What is Social entrepreneurship

refers to solutions from individuals, groups and businesses towards addressing social and environmental issues. 

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What is microfinancing

  • Microfinance lending schemes aim to reduce poverty, address social issues including gender discrimination and enable market access to the poor. 

  • It is a loan which needs to be paid back, it helps support small businesses grow with small loans

  • Most people who receive microfinancing are farmers who need money to improve their business.

  • The schemes often focus on women to enable them to make independent financial decisions.

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What are some criticisms of micro-financing

  • Their interest rates can be higher than those of commercial banks, but lower than loan sharks

  • Some people will use their loans to pay for food or healthcare, rather than improving or starting their own businesses

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What does fair trade do

  • Normally very little money actually gets to the farmers who farm the product

  • This can be due to fluctuations in temperature affecting crop yields

  • Coffee farmers (for example) are powerless in the free market

  • Fair trade makes farmers part of a democratic collective

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What are some advantages of fair trade

  • The farmers know the true value of their product, making it easier for them to negotiate prices

  • As a part of the collective they can learn from each other and perfect farming techniques

  • They have access to credit

  • There is a minimum price they must be paid

  • They also get a premium, giving them a stable income

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What are some disadvantages of fair trade

  • Other fair trade symbols are being introduced by companies to improve their look and increase profits, but not follow fair trade standards 

  • Criticism of the fair trade company for working with companies which have behaved unethically in the past.

  • Fair trade cannot guarantee fair trade minimum prices for all farmers as they cannot monitor all transactions.

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How does Starbucks practise corporate social responsibility

  • HQ in Seattle, USA

  • Over 38,000 stores in 80 countries

  • “Starbuckization” is the same experience no matter where you are. A good example of cultural diffusion of western cultural traits. 

  • Coffee buying business of Starbucks is based in Switzerland due to lower taxes.

  • Education programmes, building schools in rural communities in Costa Rica and Guatemala.

  • Cafe practises buying programmes, farmers stay in business as they are being paid a fair price despite fluctuations in supply and demand. 

  • Farmers' access to meals, dental care and medical care, Environmental programmes, restrictions on chemicals, create wildlife buffer zones. 

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How does the Rana Plaza disaster link to corporate social responsibility

Rana Plaza disaster 

  • In April of 2013 an eight story garment factory in Dhaka, Bangladesh collapsed.

  • The collapse killed more than 1,100 people

  • The workers warned the bosses that the building was unsafe however they were told to keep working with the threat of losing their jobs

  • Planning permission was given for a six story building, not an eight story building so it was structurally unsafe.

  • Bangladesh is the world's second largest textile producer and the Rana Plaza hosted textile production for companies such as Gap and Primark. 

  • The main advantage for textile production is the low cost of labour, their minimum wage

  • As a result of the collapse, many clothing companies made efforts to improve their CSR (corporate social responsibility).

  • Also following the disaster Nike and Gap had to deal with child labour allegations. 

  • Walmart launched a fire safety training facility there

  • Gap announced plans to help factory owners upgrade their plants and improve safety.

  • Primark provided long term compensation to the workers/their families.

  • Its estimated to cost 3 billion dollars to make all the garment factories in Bangladesh safe, which would barely increase the cost of garments but increase safety of workers

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What is cultural diversity

The level of heterogeneity (difference) exhibited by a community in terms of ethnicity, religion, language, and other defining cultural traits. Cultures that lack diversity show homogeneity (sameness)

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What is a global culture

A shared sense of belonging at the planetary scale that is demonstrated through common ways of communicating, consuming media and food, dressing or behaving (including shared social norms eg. commitment to upholding human rights)

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How do TNC’s influence global culture

They globally disperse food, clothes and other goods.

Western companies eg. Nike, Apple, Lego have released uniform items globally, bringing cultural change.

Asian technology eg. Samsung, Huawei have an increasingly important influence on entertainment and social media patterns.

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How does global media influence global culture

Disney has exported stories of princess, princes etc. globally. As well as Christmas which is a western christian holiday, which has been spread globally.

BBC gives the UK a high level of global cultural influence.

Bollywood and Japanese TV eg Pokemon have has an important non-western impact on TV.

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How does migration and tourism impact a global culture

Europeans have travelled widely during the age of empires and brought languages and customs with them. Tourists introduce cultural change to the places they visit. Western tourists diffuse western culture.

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What are some advantages of cultural imperialism

  • There may be a greater variety of commodities available

  • It may mean new technologies are introduced

  • Language skills may increase

  • Economic development may take place as trade increases between two locations

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What are some disadvantages of cultural imperialism

  • Places around the World become increasingly homogenised (the same)

  • Local cultures are lost or diluted (language, dress, food, music, etc.)

  • Local businesses may be forced out of business they can't compete with large international TNCs

  • Economic and political exploitation e.g. resources may be stripped, taxes not paid.

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What is glocalisation

​Glocalization: The adaptation of a global product for a local market place. The word comes from an amalgamation of the words globalisation and localisation.

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How have Mcdonalds used Glocalisation

In Muslim countries, pork is removed from the menu, and Halal food is used

In Hindu countries, beef is removed from the menu

In Jewish countries, Kosher food is used

During Ramadan, buffets are offered at the breaking of fast

Changing of language in menus

Mcrice in Indonesia, McTikka burger in India

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What is hegemonic power

The ability of a powerful state or player to influence outcomes without reverting to “hard power” tactics eg. military force. Instead power is exerted through “soft” strategies eg. persuasion, diplomacy, aid, media and education.

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What is cultural hybridity

When a new culture develops, whose traits combine 2 or more different sets of influences

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What is a financescape

A modern landscape of tower blocks and offices that incorporates state of the art architecture and which is usually designed to impress by reaching greater heights than the surrounding districts

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How has the Irish Diaspora influenced USA culture

Created to affirm religious freedom and tolerance, St. Patrick’s Cathedral in New York was built in the democratic spirit, paid for not only by the contributions of thousands of poor immigrants but also by the generosity of citizens who pledged thousands of dollars each. St. Patrick's Cathedral is the largest, Catholic cathedral in North America. It was constructed in the City of New York in reflection of the “increasing numbers, intelligence, and wealth as a religious community”. Alongside the church itself, many Irish devotional traditions have continued for centuries as a part of the Catholic church’s local culture. One such tradition, unbroken since ancient times, is of annual pilgrimages to sacred Celtic Christian places.

The annual celebration of Saint Patrick’s Day may be the most widely recognized symbol of the Irish presence in America. In cities throughout the United States, this traditional Irish religious holiday becomes an opportunity to celebrate all things Irish, or things believed to be “Irish”. The largest celebration of the holiday takes place in New York, where the annual St. Patrick’s Day Parade draws an average of two million people.The water in the White House’s fountain dyed green. President Biden is continuing the regular tradition that started in 2009 thanks to former first lady Michelle Obama. She got the green inspiration from Chicago’s annual river dyeing that marks the holiday.

McDonalds introduced the Shamrock Shake in 1970 - a seasonal green mint flavored milkshake dessert. This was invented in celebration of St. Patrick’s Day and became an instant success. However, now the company produces these throughout the entire month of March by marketing “the arrival of Shamrock Shake Season marks the unofficial start to spring”.

Since the arrival of nearly two million Irish immigrants in the 1840s, the urban Irish cop and firefighter have become virtual icons of American popular culture. In many large cities, the police and fire departments have been dominated by the Irish for over 100 years, even after the ethnic Irish residential populations in those cities dwindled to small minorities.

Many police and fire departments maintain large “Emerald Societies” bagpipe marching groups, or other similar units demonstrating their pride in their Irish heritage.

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What are some examples of geopolitical shocks, which have been said to cause de-globalisation

2001- Attack on the US World trade centre by Al Qaeda, this disrupted “business as usual” globalisation

2014- Russian Annexation of Crimea.

2016- Brexit. Uk leaving the EU, could spark a disintegration.

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What are civil societies

Any organisation or movement which works in the area between the household, the private sector and the state to negotiate matters of public concern. Includes NGO’s, community groups, trade unions, academic institutions and faith-based organisations.

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What is a nationalist movement

A political movement focused on national independence or the abandonment of policies that are viewed by some people as a threat to national sovereignty/national culture

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What are some reasons for civil society opposition against TNC’s

  1. Growing global wealth divide between richest and poorest countries. By only investing in certain regions they create a world of “haves” and “have nots”

  2. Environmental degradation. Critics hold TNC’s responsible for polluting and destroying local, fragile habitats.

  3. Tax avoidance. Through tax avoidance mechanisms they can avoid contributing to funds for education, hospitals etc.

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Why do people hold an anti-immigration stance

  • Nationalism

  • Ethnic nationalism

  • Fears over loss of jobs/housing 

  • Sovereignty (the right to control an area)

  • Nativism = promote the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants by supporting anti-immigration measures.

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What are some reasons anti-immigrant groups are formed

  • Competition for jobs/housing 

  • Pressure on infrastructure

  • Heightened cost of housing, education and health.

  • Some immigrant groups don’t integrate and can form Ghettos 

  • Some argue migrants increase crime rate 

  • View that they don’t want to contribute to economy through work and taxes

  • Some have environmental concerns due to rapid population growth (eg. Neomathusians)

  • Cultural changes, perceive their culture to be threatened by hybrid culture. 

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What are some benefits of migration for a country

  1. Increasing cultural diversity, eg. Cuisine, fashion, music

  2. Bringing a skilled workforce, which contributes to the economy

  3. Can regenerate an area

  4. Reduce an ageing population

  5. Reduces the dependency ratio

  6. Increased tolerance and respect for different cultures/ethnicities 

  7. Increased gene pool, increases immunity and favourable traits

  8. Create connections and links between countries

  9. Remittances

  10.  Challenges perceptions and increases understanding about cultures

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How have anti-immigrant groups grown in the UK

Due to Brexit, EU migration to the UK has slowed down. Also due to the UK not being a part of the Schengen Agreement allowing free movement across borders without passport checks.

UKIP and the Brexit Party have been labelled as anti-immigrant. Suella Braverman and Priti Patel are former home secretary and are anti-immigrant.

The UK is moving towards a point based system, points include skilled work, STEM workers, people with qualifications. Also wealth, housing and relations. Eg. Doctors will find it easier to get into the UK.

2004- Mass migration from Eastern Europe to Lincolnshire to work in agriculture. 

Lead to a changing ethnoscape and a rise in anti-immigration feelings, high Brexit voting 

Migration watch- Anti immigration group

  • Campaigning organisation arguing for lower immigration rates into the UK

  • Their mission is “to control the number of non-EU migrants who are given the right to settle permanently in the United Kingdom'.”

  • It has called Britain's port security "resourced to fail" in stopping illegal immigration, and has opposed the idea of an amnesty for illegal immigrants in Britain

  • MigrationWatch claims to support the principle of political asylum but argues that many asylum seekers do not have a genuine case for qualifying for refugee status and are instead using the asylum system to gain entry to the UK for economic reasons.

  • Praise = said to be improving the quality of the British immigrant debate 

  • It has been characterised as a right-wing lobby or pressure group 

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How have anti-immigrant groups grown in Denmark

Denmark has very strict laws and operates a points-based system. It even tries to limit ‘family reunions’ whereby a husband may be working in Denmark and the family will move from their source country at a later date.

The nationalist Danish People’s Party has put pressure on the government to enact strict migration rules. For example, the Danish government seizes asylum seekers’ assets to pay for their ‘stay’ in Denmark.

This is all despite being part of the EU and signing the Schengen Agreement (free  movement within 26 countries).

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How do does the government and militia put a constraint on personal freedom 

In autocratic states, personal freedoms may be limited- information can be censored. Certain products may be limited in terms of who can purchase them, movements may be restricted and there might be controls over flows of capital. 

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How do does the government and militia put a constraint on personal freedom In North Korea


If a crime is committed by a person, the whole family/village is punished.

  • Public mourning is mandatory when a North Korean leader dies.

  • All music and media must praise Kim Jong Un and North Korea, western media is banned.

  • Owning a Bible is illegal, Christians are persecuted.

  • Freedom of travel is not allowed, tourists have to be guided and you cannot leave the hotel without a guide. 


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How do does the government and militia put a constraint on personal freedom In China

  • Autocratic state

  • Limits their citizens access to cross border flows of information

  • “Great Firewall of China” blocks western media such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and foreign media.

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How have militia groups restricted personal freedoms in DRC

Between 1990s- 2010 millions of people fled their homes in DRC due to conflict and attacks by militia groups. The rise of attacks has been fueled by cheap gun prices. They forced many children to become soldiers, causing a lot of trauma. After being released from captivity they struggled finding jobs due to interrupted education. Many TNC’s have not invested in DRC because of its human development problems.

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What is an autocratic state

A non-democratic state where political power is concentrated in the hands of one or more people who may not be elected

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What is Militia

An armed non-official or informal military force raised by members of civil society. Militia groups are sometimes characterized as freedom fighters or terrorists in different views

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What is protectionism

When state governments erect barriers to foreign trade and investment such as import taxes. The aim is to protect their own industries from competition.

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What is resource nationalism

The deliberate attempt to limit imports and promote exports by putting up barriers to trade.

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What are the internet restrictions and civil society challenges in Iran

  • Iranian citizens face internet restrictions. Searches are filtered and some social networking sites are unavailable.

  • The Government are working towards a National Information Network (NIN) which would increase control over citizens' internet access and restrict foreign users accessing Iranian websites.

  • They have also taken steps to reduce citizens' ability to be anonymous.

  • International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran campaigns for a softer attitude to internet access. 

  • Political activists in Iran have used the internet to challenge the government before, eg. posting videos of the crimes that the Government does.

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What are the internet restrictions and civil society challenges in China

  • The “great firewall” of China has extensive controls on internet use meaning Chinese citizens can interact with each other via social networking but not with people outside of China via global sites. 

  • Google withdrew from China due to censorship issues.

  • BBC and CNN are strictly monitored and certain news items are removed. 

  • GreatFire is a citizen lead organisation for removing censorship in China.

  • The US government argue that China's censorship is a barrier to e-commerce and therefore may breach World Trade Organization rules. 

  • China is likely to face increased criticism from other countries as the firewall is an impediment to free speech.

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What are some more reasons for implementing trade restrictions

Ecological risks - Eg. Australian honey banned in New Zealand for fears of a biosecurity risk. Export of British Beef being halted due to fears of Mad Cow disease

Geopolitics- Eg. USA implemented a trade embargo on Cuba due to a cold war. Trade embargo on Russia after annexation of Crimea.

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