Final Exam Pulmonary, Renal, Digestive, Musculoskeletal, and Integumentary Alterations Flashcards

A comprehensive set of practice vocabulary flashcards covering multiple chapters of a final exam guide, including pulmonary, renal, digestive, musculoskeletal, and integumentary pathophysiology, along with shock and MODS.

Dyspnea

The most common manifestation of pulmonary disease.

Pores of Kohn

Small openings between adjacent alveoli that allow collateral ventilation and help reduce resistance in the lungs.

Hypoventilation

Inadequate ventilation that causes $CO_2$ retention leading to hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis.

Hyperventilation

Ventilation greater than metabolic need that lowers $CO_2$ leading to hypocapnia and respiratory alkalosis.

Hypercapnia

An abnormally elevated arterial PaCO2, generally $>45\,mmHg$.

Hypoxemia

An abnormally low arterial PaO2 with a common clinical cutoff of $<60\,mmHg$.

V/Q mismatch

A state where ventilation and perfusion are not appropriately matched, causing impaired gas exchange.

Cyanosis threshold

The clinical point at which bluish skin discoloration becomes apparent, occurring at about $5\,g/dL$ of deoxygenated hemoglobin.

Clubbing

Bulbous enlargement of the distal fingers or toes with increased nail curvature associated with chronic hypoxemia.

Pleurisy

Inflammation of the pleura causing sharp, localized pain that is often worse with breathing or coughing.

Restrictive lung disorder

A disorder characterized by decreased lung compliance and reduced lung volumes.

Obstructive lung disorder

A disorder characterized by difficulty moving air out of the lungs, especially during expiration.

Tension pneumothorax

Air trapped under increasing pressure in the pleural space, causing lung collapse and compression of major vessels.

Transudative pleural effusion

Pleural fluid caused primarily by altered hydrostatic or oncotic pressure, common in heart failure.

Exudative pleural effusion

Protein-rich pleural fluid caused by inflammation, infection, malignancy, or local tissue injury.

ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome)

Severe inflammatory lung injury with increased alveolar-capillary permeability, pulmonary edema, and severely impaired oxygenation.

Emphysema

An obstructive disease characterized by destruction of alveolar walls and enlargement of distal air spaces, reducing elastic recoil.

Chronic bronchitis

A chronic productive cough caused by mucus hypersecretion and airway inflammation for at least 3 months in each of 2 consecutive years.

Tuberculosis granulomas

Also called tubercles, these structures contain Mycobacterium tuberculosis, allowing the organism to remain latent in the lungs.

Pulmonary dead space

Areas of the lung that are ventilated but not perfused; this increases during a pulmonary embolism.

Cor pulmonale

Right-sided heart enlargement or failure caused by pulmonary hypertension or chronic lung disease.

Staghorn calculus

A large branching kidney stone that can fill the renal pelvis and extend into multiple calyces, commonly associated with struvite stones.

Supersaturation

A state where urine contains more dissolved stone-forming substances than can remain in solution.

Renal colic

Severe, often intermittent flank pain caused by obstruction of urine flow, commonly from a ureteral stone.

Acute pyelonephritis

An ascending bacterial infection of the kidney typically associated with fever and flank or lumbar pain.

Prerenal AKI

Kidney dysfunction caused by inadequate renal perfusion.

Intrarenal AKI

Kidney dysfunction caused by direct injury to renal tissue.

Postrenal AKI

Kidney dysfunction caused by urinary tract obstruction.

Creatinine

A byproduct of normal muscle metabolism (creatine and phosphocreatine) that rises in the plasma as GFR falls.

Osmotic diarrhea

Diarrhea caused by poorly absorbed solutes, such as in lactose intolerance, pulling water into the intestinal lumen.

Melena

Black, tarry stool usually associated with upper GI bleeding.

Hematochezia

Bright red or maroon blood passed through the rectum, usually associated with lower GI bleeding.

Paralytic ileus

Loss or inhibition of intestinal peristalsis without a mechanical obstruction.

Volvulus

Twisting of an intestine around its mesentery, potentially causing obstruction and ischemia.

Intussusception

Telescoping of one segment of intestine into another.

Portal hypertension

Elevated pressure in the portal venous system, commonly caused by cirrhosis and leading to varices, splenomegaly, and ascites.

Hepatic encephalopathy

A condition where impaired liver detoxification allows ammonia from protein metabolism and gut bacteria to accumulate.

Pathologic fracture

A fracture occurring in bone weakened by pre-existing disease.

 टेनिस एल्बो (Lateral Epicondylitis)

Inflammation involving the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon.

RANKL/RANK

A binding system that activates and promotes the survival of osteoclasts, increasing bone resorption.

Sequestrum

A piece of dead or infected bone that has separated from living bone during osteomyelitis.

Involucrum

New bone that forms around a sequestrum in chronic osteomyelitis.

Pannus

Inflamed granulation tissue from the synovium in rheumatoid arthritis that can erode cartilage and bone.

Tophi

Deposits of monosodium urate crystals in tissues caused by chronic hyperuricemia (gout).

Fibromyalgia

A condition characterized by chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and specific tender points.

Eccrine sweat glands

Glands found widely throughout the body that are essential for thermoregulation.

Keloid

A scar that extends beyond the original wound margins due to excessive collagen.

Plaque psoriasis

A type of psoriasis characterized by thick, silvery, scaly lesions.

Pityriasis rosea

A salmon-pink rash that classically begins with a single herald patch.

Varicella-zoster virus

The virus responsible for both varicella (primary infection) and herpes zoster (shingles).

Urticaria (Hives)

Transient, raised, itchy wheals caused by dermal edema, typically involving IgE and mast cells.

Scleroderma

An autoimmune connective-tissue disorder involving excessive collagen deposition and fibrosis.

Shock

A state of inadequate tissue perfusion where oxygen and nutrient delivery is insufficient for cellular needs.

Third spacing

The movement of fluid from the intravascular space into interstitial or nonfunctional spaces.

SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome)

A clinical syndrome characterized by at least two findings: fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, or leukocytosis.

Secondary MODS

Organ dysfunction resulting from an excessive inflammatory response following the initial injury.

Reperfusion injury

Tissue damage occurring after blood flow is restored, associated with increased reactive oxygen species.

Full-thickness burn

A burn where the full skin thickness is destroyed, often extending into the hypodermis; it is typically painless in the center.

Pediatric hypoglycemia cutoff

A glucose level of $\leq 60\,mg/dL$ in a seriously ill or injured infant.

Pediatric critical-illness hyperglycemia

A glucose level concentration $>180\,mg/dL$ in a critically ill child.