Five major animal lineages
sponges, comb jellies, corals and jellyfish, protostomes, deuterostomes
protostomes are
diverse and abundant (most of all animal lineages)
ecological roles
live in virtually all aquatic and terrestrial habitats
can be herbivores, carnivores, detritivores -extends to human health
food sources
model organisms
fruit fly and flatworm
protostomes share a
bilaterian ancestor that was bilaterally symmetric and triploblastic
developmental characteristics
embryonic development of mouth before anus
Inability of isolated early embryonic cells to develop into complete embryo
Formation of coelom by splitting of blocks of mesodermal cells
two major subgroups of protostomes
lophotrochozoa - includes mollusks and annelid worms
ecdysozoa - nematodes and arthropods
water to land transition
opens up entirely new habitats and new resources to exploit
adaptive radiation of plants
correlates with the protostomes transition to land
new adaptations of protostomes
Exchange gases
Avoid drying out
Hold up their bodies under their own weight
roundworms and earthworms
high surface area to volume ratio -increased efficiency of gas exchange
terrestrial arthropods and mollusks
have gills or other respiratory structures located in the body
minimized water loss when moving onto land
animal belongs to lophotrochozoan if...
Has a (not all three needed)
lophophore -suspension feeding
trochophore - larvae swim and may feed
spiral cleavage
rotifers
Cilia in the corona create a current that enables suspension feeding on microscopic food particles
platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Turbellarians (free-living), flukes (endoparasites), and monogeneans (ectoparasites) have a “blind” digestive tract with only one opening for ingestion of food and elimination of wastes; tapeworms (endoparasites) have no gut or mouth and absorb nutrients across their body wall
annelida
Polychaetes have diverse feeding strategies such as suspension feeding, mass feeding, and deposit feeding; almost all oligochaetes are deposit feeders in soils; about half of leeches are ectoparasites while others are predators or scavengers
Mollusca
Snails, chitons, and cephalopods have a rasping structure called a radula that is specialized for diverse feeding strategies; bivalves use gills for suspension feeding
ecdysozoan
grows via molting - shedding of exoskeleton or cuticle
nemotoda
Sexes are separate in most species (C. elegans is mostly hermaphroditic); internal fertilizatioin leads to egg laying and direct development of offspring; individuals molt four times during lifetime
tardigrada
Sexes are separate in most species; some are parthenogenic; some are hermaphroditic, able to self-fertilize; fertilization is usually external; may molt up to 12 times during growth
onychophora
Sexes are separate in almost all species, and females are usually larger than males; fertilization is usualy internal; most species are ovoviviparous
arthropoda
-Use specialized mouthparts to consume all types of foods from detritus and live prey to flower nectar and blood; serve diverse ecological roles
Most use jointed appendages for walking, running, jumping, and swimming; most also have wings; insect larvae such as maggots, caterpillars, and grubs move using hydrostatic Skeletons
Sexes are usually separate, and sexual reproduction is the norm (parthenogenesis is rare); fertilization is usually internal; may or may not have larvae and metamorphosis
what is an arthropod
most important phyla in ecdysozoa
arthropod body plan
Segmented body plan
exoskeleton
jointed appendages
origin of wings
did not come from limbs - changes in the cuticle
types of arthropods
myriapods
insects
crustaceans
chelicerates
myriapoda
relatively simple bodies with a head region and a long segmented trunk with many legs
insecta
remarkably diverse and abundant in terrestrial environments; body has three tagmata: head, thorax, abdomen
crustacea
most diverse arthropods of the sea; body has three tagmata or two (cephalothorax and abdomen)
chelicerata
diverse on land, body has two tagmata: cephalothorax and abdomen
deuterostomes
"second mouth" developmental distinction between protostomes and deuterostomes is now blurred
three phyla
echinodermata
hemichordata - acorn worms
chordata
echinoderm
"spiny skins" - named for spines and spikes observed in many species
deuterostomes have high diversity in
Adult body plans
feeding methods
locomotion
reproduction
echinoderm synapomorphies
redial symmetry in adults
endoskeleton
water vascular system and tube feet
chordate morphological features
openings in throat called gill slits
dorsal hollow nerve cord
notochord runs length of body
muscular post-anal tail
three main subphyla of chordates
1.cephalacordate 2. urochordates 3. vertebrates
cephalacordate
small torpedo shaped animals with "fishlike" appearance - mobile suspension feeders - live on ocean floor
urochordates
have external coat of polysaccaride - covers and supports body
vertebrates
dorsal hollow nerve cord elongated into spinal cord; pharyngeal slits in embryos
vertebrate synapomorphies
vertebrate - protects spinal cord
cranium - protects brain and sensory organs
cartilage
strong, flexible tissue (polysaccarides)
bone
dense tissue and blood vessels (calcium phosphate)
vertebrate brains
forebrain - sense of smell (forms cerebrum)
midbrain - associated with vision
hindbrain - balance and hearing *brain is key innovation in vertebrate evolution
jawed vertebrates contain
cerebrum and medulla oblongata
Data supporting evolution
new fossil evidence
phylogenetic analysis - combines fossil evidence and new data
evidence from developmental biology - can test relations between different vertebrate lineages
themes of evolution
most vertebrate are extinct
some traits evolved more than once
traits are sometimes lost
gnathostomes
jawed fish
rapid diversification of feeding strategies led to
dramatic adaptive radiation of fish
jaw formed by
mutations and natural selection
bony fish
Ray-finned fished
Coelacanths
Lung Fishes
Lobed-limbed fish
coelcanths and lungfish
lungs first appeared in
placoderms
origin of lungs hypothesis
predicts early fishes filled this space by gulping air from the surface
tetripods
animals with four legs; major event in evolution led to transition to living on land
3 major lineages of tetrapods
Amphibians
Mammals
Reptiles
Amniota
all tetrapods other than amphibians
amniotic egg
protective coating that reduced the rate of drying
three inner membranes
embryo
yolk
waste
mammals
monophyletic group of animals named for mammary glands which produce milk; earliest seen ~195 mya; endotherms
three major lineages of mammals
egg-laying monotremes
pouch bearing
placenta
placenta
organ combining maternal and embryonic tissues
evolutionary advantages of placenta
offspring develop at constant, favorable temperature
offspring are protected
why is the yolk sac smaller in a placenta?
Because the need for nutrients is lower in a placenta because the embryo also obtains nutrients from their mother.
reptiles
monophyletic group; second major lineage of amniotes besides mammals; adaptations for life on land; skin is water tight; breathe through lungs and lay amniotic ends; ectotherms
Birds
part of the monophyletic group reptiles; also part of the monophyletic group dinosaurs; endothermic
Three lineages of wings and flight evolution
Pterosaurs
Birds
Bats
parental care
physiological, morphological, or behavioral investment that improvs the likelihood of offspring to survive; is believed to play major role in evolutionary success of birds and mammals
primates two min groupings
Prosimians ("before monkeys")
Anthropoids ("human-like")
primate characteristics
hands and feet efficient for grasping
flattened nails instead of claws
relatively large brains
color vision
complex social behavior
extensive parental care
forward facing eyes
great apes
hominids; large bodies, long arms, short legs no tail; humans are the only bipedal hominid
Humans are closest related to
chimpanzees and bonobos followed by gorillas; common ancestor believed to exist 6-7 mya
Four typs of hominids
Gracile australopithecines
Robust australopithecines
Early Homo
Recent Homo
Gracile australopithecines
slender/bipedal
robust australopithecines
three species: Massive cheek teeth and jaws Very large cheekbones A sagittal crest—a flange of bone at the top of the skull
early homo
– Flatter and narrower faces – Smaller jaws and teeth – Larger braincases
recent homo
– Flatter faces – Smaller teeth – Larger braincases
derived character of humans is
bipedalism
fossil evidence supports what origins of humans?
Africa and subsequent migration
Have humans stopped evolving?
No all four processes of evolution still occur today