SOC 340 Final Exam

Mass production and mass media (radio, magazines, TV) facilitated widespread cigarette advertising.

What advancement made it possible to advertise cigarettes to the masses?

Attitudes influence behavior, guide decision-making, and affect individual perceptions and interactions.

Why are attitudes important?

Yes, identical twins often exhibit more similar attitudes than fraternal twins, suggesting a genetic component.

Do twins share similar attitudes?

Affective, behavioral, and cognitive.

What are the three types of attitudes?

Attitudes based on emotions and feelings that help express values, beliefs, and identity.

Define affectively based attitudes.

Attitudes based on how one behaves toward the object, reflecting past behaviors and experiences.

Define behaviorally based attitudes.

Attitudes based on beliefs and thoughts about the object, helping to evaluate advantages and disadvantages.

Define cognitively based attitudes.

A basic emotional response to sensory input that can influence attitudes, such as liking a food or disliking a sound.

What is a sensory reaction?

Classical conditioning is learning via association between stimuli; operant conditioning is learning based on rewards and punishments.

Difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Consciously held attitudes that are easy to report.

What are explicit attitudes?

Unconscious attitudes that influence behavior without awareness.

What are implicit attitudes?

As an example of social influence, illustrating how behaviors spread via conformity and group norms.

What was the ice bucket challenge used for?

Normative social influence (desire for acceptance) and informational social influence (desire to be correct).

What are the two motivations to conform?

An optical illusion where a stationary point of light appears to move, used to study informational social influence.

What is the autokinetic effect?

Private acceptance; genuinely believing others are correct.

What does informational social influence often lead to?

A group is two or more people who interact, are interdependent, and influence each other's behavior.

What constitutes a group?

A psychological state where people lose self-awareness and feel less accountable, often leading to impulsive acts.

What is deindividuation?

Rules for expected behavior within a group.

What are social norms?

Someone who provokes or upsets others online with inflammatory messages.

What is an Internet Troll?

No, similarity, not opposites, promotes attraction and relationship success.

Do opposites attract in relationships?

Similarity in interests, attitudes, and backgrounds fosters stronger, longer-lasting relationships.

What is the role of similarity in relationships?

Physical proximity that increases the chances of forming friendships or romantic relationships.

What is propinquity?

Physical proximity predicted friendship formations; neighbors formed more friendships.

What did Festinger, Schachter, and Back find in their research?

The frequency of interactions between individuals, impacting friendship formation.

What is functional distance?

Repeated exposure to a person or thing increases liking.

What is the mere exposure effect?

Knowing someone likes you increases your attraction to them.

What is reciprocal liking?

Men value physical beauty; women value status, ambition, and financial security.

What do men and women find attractive?

The tendency to assume that attractive people possess other positive qualities.

What is the Halo Effect?

Signs are observable indicators; symptoms are internal experiences reported by the person.

What are signs and symptoms in mental health?

Roughly 46% of adults will experience a mental health disorder.

What percentage of the US population will experience a diagnosable disorder?

The movement to discharge mental health patients from hospitals into community-based care.

What is deinstitutionalization?

Stigma, cost, lack of access, and lack of awareness about symptoms.

Why don't people seek psychiatric help?

About 60-70% of suicides are linked to depression or mood disorders.

What percentage of suicides are linked to depression?

No, mania without depression is rare and typically falls under Bipolar I Disorder.

Is there a manic-only disorder?

A feeling of worry or unease about an imminent or uncertain outcome.

What is anxiety?