Lab 1 practical

know these tissue types

simple columnar epithelium

imple cuboidal epithelium

stratified squamous epithelium

areolar ct

reticular CT

adipose

dense regular CT tendon ligament

dense irregular CT

hyaline cartilage

bone

blood; a type of CT

skeletal muscle

cardiac muscle

smooth muscle

transitional epithelium

cardiac muscle

stratified squamous epithelium

elastic cartilage

fibrocartilage

hyaline cartilage

elastic cartilage

mesenchyme

simple squamous epithelium

pseudo stratified epithelium

areolar CT

dense regular tendon ligament

smooth muscle

NaCl breaks down into what

Na+ + Cl-

KCl breaks down into what

K+ + Cl-

CaCl2 breaks down into what

Ca2+ + 2Cl-

BaCl2 breaks down into what

Ba2+ + 2Cl-

osmolarity factor for NaCl

2

osmolarity factor for KCl

2

osmolarity factor for CaCl2

3

osmolarity factor for BaCl2

3

what is the difference between negative feedback and positive feedback

negative settles; positive

what is the difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond

sharing of elections; transfer of elections

which bond associates in water? which bond is utilized to form sodium chloride salt NaCl

ionic bonds; ionic bonds

what is the difference between a polar covalent bond and a non polar covalent bond

unequal sharing; equal sharing

water fearing

hydrophobic

water loving

hydrophilic

which covalent bond is predominant in hydrophobic compounds

non polar covalent

which covalent bond is predominant in hydrophilic compounds

polar covalent

an acidic solution has a _______ concentration of H+ and is represented by a _______ pH

high, low

a basic solution has a ________ concentration of H+ (or conversely a _______) of OH- _________ pH value

low, high, high

removal of water between two reaction compounds to link them together (monomer to polymer)

dehydration synthesis

addition of water to a large compound to break it down into smaller ones (polymer to monomers)

hydrolysis

a type of fat that is characterized by zero carbon to carbon double bounds within their fatty acid tails

saturated fat

a type of fat that is characterized by at least one carbon to carbon double bond within their fatty acid tails

unsaturated fat

the two components that constitute phospholipids as amphipathic molecules

hydrophilic head; hydrophobic tail

4 chemical groups that are attached to the central carbon of an amino acid

hydrogen, amino group, carboxylic acid group, r group

4 levels of protein structure and the structure that involves two or more protein strands

primary, secondary, tertiary, quantenary, (quaternary)

a substance that helps increase the speed of a chemical reaction

enzyme

the energy required to start a chemical reaction; what does the enzyme do to it

energy of activation; lowers it

a reaction that requires energy input

endergonic

a reaction that releases energy

exergonic

what part of the enzyme interacts with the substrate

active site

do enzymes have a temperature optimum

yea

do enzymes have a pH optimum

yea

a type of inhibition in which an inhibitor molecule binds to the active site of an enzyme, preventing the normal substrate from binding

competitive inhibition

a type of inhibition in which a molecule binds to the allosteric site (site other than the active site) of an enzyme. which changes the shape of the active site, preventing the substrate from binding to the active site

non competitive inhibition

what organelles are involved within the synthesis of a protein that is destined for exocytosis

ribosomes, RER, golgi bodies, vesicles

phases of the cell cycle

interphase and mitosis

what are the main phases of interphase

G1, S, G2

in which phase is DNA replicated

s phase

what are the phases of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

which phase of mitosis is characterized by chromosome condensation and nuclear envelope disintegration

prophase

which phase of mitosis is characterized by alignment of chormsones on the equator

metaphase

which phase of mitosis is characterized by sister chromatid separation

anaphase

which phase of mitosis is characterized by the appearance of the cleavage furrow

telophase

what does meiosis produce that is crucial within the cell cycle

gametes

phases of meosis?

prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2

what is crossing over (in context of biology); when does it occur

exchange of genes, prophase 1

chromosomes do not influence how other chromosomes line up (name of this process); when does it occur??? __________

independent assortment; metaphase 1

creates genetic diversity by changing the genetic makeup of the gametes

crossing over, independent assortment

the meiotic junk that possesses chromosomes but very little cytoplasm and cellular structure. does not posses enough material to produce a viable offspring from a fetrtilization event

polar body

failure of choromosnes to seperate during _______ (name of this phenomena + when does it occur)

non disjunction; anaphase 1 and 2

enzymes involved within DNA replication

helicase, topoisomerase, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase

synthesis of RNA from DNA

transcription

coding sequence of mRNA that are spliced tg and utilized within translation

exons

non coding sequence of mRNA that are spliced out and not utilized within translation

introns

3 types of RNA

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

a sequence of 3 mRNA nucleotides thatt code for a specific amino acid

codon

a sequence of 3 tRNA nucleotides that allow the tRNA to bring the correct amino acid to the codon

anticodon

production of protein from an mRNA template

translation

4 primary tissue types

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

3 types of cell to cell junctions that connect cells together to form tissues

tight, anchoring/adhering, gap

the main type of cell junction that provides a water tight seal between cells

tight

the main type of junction that allows intracellular to intracellular communication

gap

functions of epithelial tissue

covering, lining, protection, glandular

where are glands derived from (more specifically ducted and ductlesss gland)

epithieal tissue

a membrane that connects the epithelium to the underlying connective tissue

basement membrane

where would you find endothelium

lining blood vessels

what type of epithelium lines/forms the wall of the alveoli

simple squamous epithelium

what type of epithelium lines the kidney tubules

simple cuboidal epithelium

what kind of epithelium lines the gastrointestinal tract

simple columnar epithelium

what kind of epithelium lines the luminal surface of the female uterine tubes

simple dilated columnar epithelium

what type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder

transitional

what do goblet cells secrete

mucus