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Vocabulary flashcards covering the key terms and concepts from the provided lecture notes.
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Paleolithic era
The long period during which human societies sustained themselves through gathering, hunting, and fishing without agriculture; practices persisted even after agriculture emerged.
Agricultural Revolution
The domestication of plants and animals leading to farming and the development of farming and pastoral societies.
Pastoral societies
Societies based on the raising of livestock; often migrate seasonally for grazing and do not settle permanently in one location.
Patriarchy
A social system in which men hold primary power and women are subordinate; often linked to plow-based agriculture, warfare, and private property.
Forager
People who obtain their food by hunting wild animals and gathering wild plants.
Domesticate
To tame and control plants or animals for human use.
Neolithic
'New Stone' Age; a period when farming began and new tools were developed.
Civilization
A complex society with cities, social stratification, specialization, and organized institutions; populations ranging from tens to hundreds of thousands.
Hinduism
A diverse Indian religion with many beliefs, practices, sects, rituals, and philosophies.
Upanishads
Indian mystical and philosophical works written between 800 and 400 BCE.
Samsara
Rebirth or reincarnation in Hindu and Buddhist thought.
Karma
The belief that actions in this life determine rebirth in a future life, often into a higher or lower social position.
Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)
The Indian prince whose insights led to the path to Enlightenment and the founding of Buddhism (lived ca. 566–486 BCE).
Theravada Buddhism
“Teaching of the Elders”; early form of Buddhism focusing on practice and the Buddha as a wise teacher rather than a divine figure.
Mahayana Buddhism
“Great Vehicle”; later form of Buddhism emphasizing compassion and the intervention of supernatural beings; generally more popular in various regions.
Bhakti movement
A Hindu devotional movement (600–1300 CE) stressing intense worship and identification with a personal deity through songs, prayers, and rituals.
Confucianism
Chinese philosophy emphasizing moral example of superiors as the cornerstone of social order.
Han dynasty
Chinese dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) that reinforced Confucianism as the state ideology and shaped political culture.
Daoism (Taoism)
Chinese philosophy/religion advocating living simply and in harmony with the Dao (the Way), often in alignment with nature.
Jesus of Nazareth
A Jewish teacher whose life and teachings founded Christianity.
Saint Paul
Early Christian missionary who spread Christianity to Gentile communities and helped popularize the faith.
Perpetua
Christian martyr from Carthage (181–203 CE) whose steadfastness inspired other Christians.
Muhammad
Prophet and founder of Islam; his revelations comprise the Quran.
Quran (Koran)
Islam’s holy book, believed to contain the word of God given to Muhammad.
Ulama
Islamic religious scholars who shaped and transmitted Islamic teachings.
Sharia
Islamic law governing political, economic, social, and religious life; literally “a path to water.”
Madrassas
Formal Islamic higher-education institutions, often teaching law and secular subjects, established from the 11th century onward.
Sufism
Islamic mysticism focusing on inner spirituality, renunciation of material life, and union with God through practices like chanting and meditation.
Silk Roads
Land-based trade routes linking Eurasia, especially China and the Mediterranean.
Sea Roads
The world’s largest sea-based system of communication and exchange before 1500 CE, centered on India and extending from southern China to eastern Africa.
Sands Roads
Trans-Saharan trade routes connecting interior West Africa with the Mediterranean and North Africa.
Contextualization
Ability to place historical events in their broader regional, national, or global context and draw significance.
Argumentation
Ability to develop a historical question and defend a thesis with relevant evidence.
Causation
Ability to identify and evaluate causes and effects, distinguishing long-term vs. proximate causes and understanding correlation versus causation.