AP World History – Unit 0 Vocabulary (Notes)

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Vocabulary flashcards covering the key terms and concepts from the provided lecture notes.

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34 Terms

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Paleolithic era

The long period during which human societies sustained themselves through gathering, hunting, and fishing without agriculture; practices persisted even after agriculture emerged.

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Agricultural Revolution

The domestication of plants and animals leading to farming and the development of farming and pastoral societies.

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Pastoral societies

Societies based on the raising of livestock; often migrate seasonally for grazing and do not settle permanently in one location.

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Patriarchy

A social system in which men hold primary power and women are subordinate; often linked to plow-based agriculture, warfare, and private property.

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Forager

People who obtain their food by hunting wild animals and gathering wild plants.

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Domesticate

To tame and control plants or animals for human use.

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Neolithic

'New Stone' Age; a period when farming began and new tools were developed.

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Civilization

A complex society with cities, social stratification, specialization, and organized institutions; populations ranging from tens to hundreds of thousands.

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Hinduism

A diverse Indian religion with many beliefs, practices, sects, rituals, and philosophies.

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Upanishads

Indian mystical and philosophical works written between 800 and 400 BCE.

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Samsara

Rebirth or reincarnation in Hindu and Buddhist thought.

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Karma

The belief that actions in this life determine rebirth in a future life, often into a higher or lower social position.

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Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)

The Indian prince whose insights led to the path to Enlightenment and the founding of Buddhism (lived ca. 566–486 BCE).

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Theravada Buddhism

“Teaching of the Elders”; early form of Buddhism focusing on practice and the Buddha as a wise teacher rather than a divine figure.

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Mahayana Buddhism

“Great Vehicle”; later form of Buddhism emphasizing compassion and the intervention of supernatural beings; generally more popular in various regions.

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Bhakti movement

A Hindu devotional movement (600–1300 CE) stressing intense worship and identification with a personal deity through songs, prayers, and rituals.

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Confucianism

Chinese philosophy emphasizing moral example of superiors as the cornerstone of social order.

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Han dynasty

Chinese dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) that reinforced Confucianism as the state ideology and shaped political culture.

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Daoism (Taoism)

Chinese philosophy/religion advocating living simply and in harmony with the Dao (the Way), often in alignment with nature.

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Jesus of Nazareth

A Jewish teacher whose life and teachings founded Christianity.

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Saint Paul

Early Christian missionary who spread Christianity to Gentile communities and helped popularize the faith.

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Perpetua

Christian martyr from Carthage (181–203 CE) whose steadfastness inspired other Christians.

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Muhammad

Prophet and founder of Islam; his revelations comprise the Quran.

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Quran (Koran)

Islam’s holy book, believed to contain the word of God given to Muhammad.

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Ulama

Islamic religious scholars who shaped and transmitted Islamic teachings.

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Sharia

Islamic law governing political, economic, social, and religious life; literally “a path to water.”

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Madrassas

Formal Islamic higher-education institutions, often teaching law and secular subjects, established from the 11th century onward.

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Sufism

Islamic mysticism focusing on inner spirituality, renunciation of material life, and union with God through practices like chanting and meditation.

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Silk Roads

Land-based trade routes linking Eurasia, especially China and the Mediterranean.

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Sea Roads

The world’s largest sea-based system of communication and exchange before 1500 CE, centered on India and extending from southern China to eastern Africa.

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Sands Roads

Trans-Saharan trade routes connecting interior West Africa with the Mediterranean and North Africa.

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Contextualization

Ability to place historical events in their broader regional, national, or global context and draw significance.

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Argumentation

Ability to develop a historical question and defend a thesis with relevant evidence.

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Causation

Ability to identify and evaluate causes and effects, distinguishing long-term vs. proximate causes and understanding correlation versus causation.