2. The Nervous System, Neurons, and Synapses

What is a characteristic of cells in nervous tissue?
A. They are sparsely arranged and loosely connected.
B. They are densely packed and intertwined.
C. They are spread out with large intercellular spaces.
D. They form a single layer with no interaction.

B. They are densely packed and intertwined.

How many main cell types are found in nervous tissue?
A. Three
B. Four
C. Two
D. Five

C. Two

What is the function of neurons?
A. To provide structural support to the nervous system
B. To transmit electrical signals
C. To wrap around blood vessels
D. To produce neurotransmitters only

B. To transmit electrical signals

Where are neurons primarily found?
A. In the connective tissue of organs
B. In the grey matter of the CNS and ganglia
C. In the epithelial linings of organs
D. In the muscle tissues

B. In the grey matter of the CNS and ganglia

What do neuroglial cells do?
A. They transmit electrical impulses.
B. They provide structural support and surround neurons.
C. They form the outer layer of the skin.
D. They transport nutrients across cell membranes.

B. They provide structural support and surround neurons.

What are the basic structural units of the nervous system?
A. Neuroglial cells
B. Connective tissues
C. Neurons
D. Muscle fibers

C. Neurons

What do neurons possess that are crucial for their function?
A. A large number of mitochondria
B. A cell body and processes called neurites
C. A dense network of blood vessels
D. Numerous ribosomes

B. A cell body and processes called neurites

How many neurons are there in the human body?
A. Hundreds
B. Thousands
C. Millions
D. Billions

D. Billions

What do neurons conduct along the plasma membrane?
A. Nutrients
B. Electrical impulses
C. Hormones
D. Enzymes

B. Electrical impulses

What do neurons produce that is essential for communication within the nervous system?
A. Hormones
B. Enzymes
C. Nerve impulses
D. Antibodies

C. Nerve impulses

What is the term used to describe the electrical signal generated by neurons?
A. Resting potential
B. Nerve impulse
C. Action potential
D. Graded potential

C. Action potential

What is a key aspect of neuron longevity?
A. They can only function for a few years.
B. They can live and function for a lifetime.
C. They regenerate every month.
D. They have a limited functional lifespan of a decade.

B. They can live and function for a lifetime.

What happens to fetal neurons regarding cell division?
A. They continue to divide throughout life.
B. They lose their ability to undergo mitosis.
C. They divide only during the fetal stage.
D. They undergo mitosis more frequently than other cells.

B. They lose their ability to undergo mitosis.

What is the metabolic rate requirement of neurons?
A. Low, with minimal oxygen and glucose needed
B. Moderate, with a standard amount of oxygen and glucose needed
C. High, requiring abundant oxygen and glucose
D. Variable, depending on neuron type

C. High, requiring abundant oxygen and glucose

What is the primary role of supporting cells in the nervous system?
A. To produce neurotransmitters
B. To provide supportive functions for neurons
C. To conduct electrical impulses
D. To generate action potentials

B. To provide supportive functions for neurons

Where do supporting cells cover neurons?
A. At nonsynaptic regions
B. At synaptic regions
C. At the cell body only
D. At the axon terminals

A. At nonsynaptic regions

Which supporting cells are found in the peripheral nervous system?
A. Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
B. Microglia and ependymal cells
C. Schwann cells and satellite cells
D. Merkel cells and Langerhans cells

C. Schwann cells and satellite cells

What is the function of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system?
A. To support neuron cell bodies within ganglia
B. To form myelin sheaths around peripheral axons
C. To conduct electrical impulses
D. To generate neurotransmitters

B. To form myelin sheaths around peripheral axons

What do satellite cells, or ganglionic gliocytes, do in the peripheral nervous system?
A. They form myelin sheaths around axons.
B. They produce action potentials.
C. They conduct electrical impulses.
D. They support neuron cell bodies within the ganglia.

D. They support neuron cell bodies within the ganglia.

How many types of supporting cells, or neuroglial cells, are there in the central nervous system?
A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. Five

C. Four

Neuroglial Cells

What is the function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system?

A. To regulate the external environment of neurons

B. To form myelin sheaths around axons

C. To phagocytose foreign and degenerated material

D. To line the ventricles of the brain

B. To form myelin sheaths around axons

Neuroglial Cells

What do microglia do in the central nervous system?

A. They form myelin sheaths around axons.

B. They line the ventricles of the brain.

C. They migrate through the CNS and phagocytose foreign and degenerated material.

D. They help regulate the external environment of neurons.

C. They migrate through the CNS and phagocytose foreign and degenerated material.

Neuroglial Cells

What is the role of astrocytes in the central nervous system?

A. To line the ventricles of the brain and spinal cord

B. To phagocytose foreign and degenerated material

C. To regulate the external environment of neurons

D. To form myelin sheaths around axons

C. To regulate the external environment of neurons

Neuroglial Cells

Where are ependymal cells located in the central nervous system?

A. Around axons of the CNS

B. In the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord

C. Surrounding neuron cell bodies within ganglia

D. Along the outer surface of neurons

B. In the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord

What is a characteristic of oligodendrocytes regarding their cytoplasm?
A. They have large, filamentous cytoplasmic extensions.
B. They have small cell bodies and no filaments in their cytoplasm.
C. They contain numerous mitochondria.
D. They have large, granular cytoplasm.

B. They have small cell bodies and no filaments in their cytoplasm.

How many fibers can one oligodendrocyte myelinate?
A. Only one
B. A few
C. Many
D. None

C. Many

Are oligodendrocytes surrounded by a basement membrane?
A. Yes, they are surrounded by a basement membrane.
B. No, they are not surrounded by a basement membrane.
C. They have a partial basement membrane.
D. Their basement membrane is similar to that of Schwann cells.

B. No, they are not surrounded by a basement membrane.

What is the primary function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system?
A. To line the ventricles of the brain
B. To phagocytose foreign material
C. To myelinate axons
D. To regulate the external environment of neurons

C. To myelinate axons

What is a specific type of oligodendrocyte that surrounds nerve cell bodies called?
A. Schwann cells
B. Ependymal cells
C. Satellite oligodendrocytes (Stellite Oligs)
D. Astrocytes

C. Satellite oligodendrocytes (Stellite Oligs)

How might satellite oligodendrocytes influence neurons?
A. By forming myelin sheaths around axons
B. By phagocytosing foreign material
C. By influencing the biochemical environment of neurons
D. By lining the ventricles of the brain

C. By influencing the biochemical environment of neurons

How does the size of microglia compare to other neuroglial cells?
A. They are the largest among neuroglial cells.
B. They are medium-sized compared to other neuroglial cells.
C. They are the smallest among neuroglial cells.
D. They are of variable size compared to other neuroglial cells.

C. They are the smallest among neuroglial cells.

When do microglia migrate into the nervous system?
A. During adolescence
B. After birth
C. In fetal life
D. During old age

C. In fetal life

Where are microglia located in the central nervous system?
A. They are found only in the ventricles of the brain.
B. They are scattered throughout the CNS.
C. They are primarily located in the peripheral nervous system.
D. They are concentrated in the spinal cord only.

B. They are scattered throughout the CNS.

What is the state of microglia in the normal, healthy CNS?
A. They are always active and phagocytic.
B. They are inactive (resting microglia).
C. They are proliferating and forming myelin sheaths.
D. They are dividing rapidly.

B. They are inactive (resting microglia).

What happens to microglia during inflammation or degeneration of the CNS?
A. They proliferate and become active and phagocytic.
B. They become inactive and stop functioning.
C. They migrate out of the CNS.
D. They produce neurotransmitters.

A. They proliferate and become active and phagocytic.

What is the arrangement of ependymal cells?
A. They form a multi-layered structure.
B. They form a single layer of cuboidal cells.
C. They are arranged in a network of fibers.
D. They form a double-layered structure.

B. They form a single layer of cuboidal cells.

Where are ependymal cells located?
A. On the surface of neurons
B. Lining the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord
C. Surrounding peripheral axons
D. Within the ganglia of the PNS

B. Lining the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord

What additional feature do ependymal cells have?
A. Cilia
B. Flagella
C. Microvilli
D. Synaptic boutons

C. Microvilli

What is a characteristic feature of astrocytes?
A. Large cell bodies with few processes
B. Small cell bodies with numerous branching processes
C. Large cell bodies with numerous branching processes
D. Small cell bodies with a single long process

B. Small cell bodies with numerous branching processes

Where are many astrocytic processes located in the CNS?
A. Only at the synaptic junctions
B. At the inner and outer surfaces of the CNS
C. Within the central canal of the spinal cord
D. Surrounding the peripheral axons

B. At the inner and outer surfaces of the CNS

What do astrocytic processes form at the inner and outer surfaces of the CNS?

A. Myelin sheaths

B. Synaptic clefts

C. Outer and inner glial limiting membranes

D. Ventricles

C. Outer and inner glial limiting membranes

What is the role of satellite cells in the PNS?
A. To form myelin sheaths around axons
B. To surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia
C. To conduct electrical impulses
D. To line the central canal of the spinal cord

B. To surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia

What do Schwann cells do in the PNS?
A. Surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia
B. Form myelin sheaths around axons
C. Phagocytose foreign material
D. Regulate the external environment of neurons

B. Form myelin sheaths around axons

Where are Schwann cells located in the PNS?
A. Surrounding neuron cell bodies in ganglia
B. Surrounding axons
C. Lining the ventricles of the brain
D. Covering the central canal of the spinal cord

B. Surrounding axons

What is a specific function of satellite cells?
A. To form myelin sheaths around axons
B. To phagocytose degenerated material
C. To regulate the biochemical environment of neurons
D. To support neuron cell bodies within ganglia

D. To support neuron cell bodies within ganglia

What is gliosis?
A. The loss of astrocytes due to aging
B. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of astrocytes in reaction to CNS injury
C. The formation of new neurons in response to injury
D. The degeneration of oligodendrocytes

B. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of astrocytes in reaction to CNS injury

How do oligodendrocytes respond to CNS injury?
A. By forming new axons
B. By expanding and vacuolating their cytoplasm
C. By increasing their number
D. By becoming inactive

B. By expanding and vacuolating their cytoplasm

What is a common response of oligodendrocytes to injury?
A. Increased production of neurotransmitters
B. Expansion and vacuolation of their cytoplasm
C. Formation of glial scars
D. Reduction in the number of myelin sheaths

B. Expansion and vacuolation of their cytoplasm

What percentage of intracranial tumors are gliomas?
A. About 25%
B. About 50%
C. About 75%
D. About 90%

B. About 50%

Which types of tumors are associated with astrocytes?
A. Ependymomas and oligodendrogliomas
B. Astrocytomas and glioblastomas
C. Schwannomas and neurofibromas
D. Meningiomas and medulloblastomas

B. Astrocytomas and glioblastomas

How do gliomas, apart from ependymomas, typically affect neighboring neurons?
A. They cause significant damage to neighboring neurons.
B. They have minimal effect on neighboring neurons.
C. They directly invade and destroy neighboring neurons.
D. They stimulate the growth of new neurons.

B. They have minimal effect on neighboring neurons.

What is a characteristic feature of gliomas in terms of their growth?
A. They grow slowly and remain localized.
B. They are very invasive and can grow large.
C. They are non-invasive and shrink over time.
D. They only affect the peripheral nervous system.

B. They are very invasive and can grow large.

What age range is most commonly affected by multiple sclerosis?
A. 10-20 years
B. 20-40 years
C. 40-60 years
D. 60-80 years

B. 20-40 years

What is the primary pathological feature of multiple sclerosis?
A. Excessive neuron growth
B. Demyelination in the CNS
C. Hyperplasia of astrocytes
D. Formation of new blood vessels

B. Demyelination in the CNS

Where does multiple sclerosis usually start in the nervous system?
A. The cerebrum
B. The optic nerve, spinal cord, and cerebellum
C. The peripheral nerves
D. The brainstem

B. The optic nerve, spinal cord, and cerebellum

What is a common result of demyelination in multiple sclerosis?
A. Neuron regeneration
B. Axonal degeneration
C. Increased myelin production
D. Enhanced synaptic transmission

B. Axonal degeneration

How does axonal degeneration relate to multiple sclerosis?
A. It occurs early in the course of the disease and contributes to disability.
B. It is not related to the disease progression.
C. It improves with treatment and reduces disability.
D. It only occurs in the later stages of the disease.

A. It occurs early in the course of the disease and contributes to disability.

What role do neurotrophins play in the developing fetal brain?
A. They inhibit neuron growth.
B. They promote neuron growth.
C. They destroy excess neurons.
D. They form myelin sheaths around axons.

B. They promote neuron growth.

Which neurotrophin is specifically mentioned as being important in the embryonic development of sensory neurons and sympathetic ganglia?
A. Nerve growth factor (NGF)
B. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
C. Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)
D. Neurotrophin-3

D. Neurotrophin-3

Which of the following is a neurotrophin that supports neuron growth?
A. Nerve growth factor (NGF)
B. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
C. Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
D. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

A. Nerve growth factor (NGF)

What is the function of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)?
A. To inhibit the growth of neurons
B. To promote the growth and differentiation of neurons
C. To regulate blood flow in the brain
D. To remove damaged neurons

B. To promote the growth and differentiation of neurons

Which neurotrophin is associated with supporting the growth of glial cells?
A. Nerve growth factor (NGF)
B. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
C. Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)
D. Neurotrophin-3

C. Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)

What does the blood-brain barrier (BBB) separate?
A. Cerebral capillary blood and the peripheral blood
B. Cerebral capillary blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
C. CSF and the venous blood
D. Endothelial cells and the choroid plexus

B. Cerebral capillary blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) found?
A. In the blood vessels of the brain
B. In the ventricles and the subarachnoid space
C. In the lymphatic system
D. In the outer layer of the brain

B. In the ventricles and the subarachnoid space

What are the main components of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
A. Neurons and glial cells
B. Endothelial cells of the cerebral capillaries and the choroid plexus epithelium
C. Synaptic clefts and dendrites
D. Myelin sheaths and axons

B. Endothelial cells of the cerebral capillaries and the choroid plexus epithelium

What is the function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
A. To regulate the exchange of substances between blood and CSF
B. To facilitate the growth of neurons
C. To support the myelination of axons
D. To produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A. To regulate the exchange of substances between blood and CSF

Which substances can freely cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and equilibrate between blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
A. Lipid-soluble substances, CO2, O2, and H2O
B. Large proteins and ions
C. Blood cells and glucose
D. Hormones and neurotransmitters

A. Lipid-soluble substances, CO2, O2, and H2O

How are other substances transported across the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
A. Through passive diffusion only
B. By active transport mechanisms in the choroid plexus epithelium
C. By simple filtration from blood to CSF
D. By vesicular transport in blood vessels

B. By active transport mechanisms in the choroid plexus epithelium

How do substances enter the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the blood?
A. By passive diffusion through the BBB
B. By being secreted from blood into the CSF via carriers
C. By active transport from the CSF into blood
D. By direct interaction with neuronal cell membranes

B. By being secreted from blood into the CSF via carriers

How are substances absorbed from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the blood?
A. By passive diffusion
B. By being absorbed into the blood via carriers in the choroid plexus epithelium
C. By active transport through endothelial cells
D. By simple filtration into the blood vessels

B. By being absorbed into the blood via carriers in the choroid plexus epithelium

Why are proteins and cholesterol excluded from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
A. They are actively transported out of the CSF
B. Due to their large molecular size
C. Because they are broken down in the CSF
D. They are synthesized only in the CSF

B. Due to their large molecular size

How does the composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compare to that of the interstitial fluid of the brain?
A. CSF composition is significantly different from interstitial fluid.
B. CSF is identical to blood plasma in composition.
C. CSF has a higher concentration of proteins compared to interstitial fluid.
D. CSF composition is approximately the same as that of interstitial fluid.

D. CSF composition is approximately the same as that of interstitial fluid.

How does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition differ from blood?
A. CSF has a higher concentration of glucose compared to blood.
B. CSF has a lower concentration of proteins and cholesterol compared to blood.
C. CSF contains more cells compared to blood.
D. CSF has a higher concentration of lipids compared to blood.

B. CSF has a lower concentration of proteins and cholesterol compared to blood.

What is the method used to sample cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
A. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
B. Computed tomography (CT) scan
C. Lumbar puncture
D. Electroencephalography (EEG)

C. Lumbar puncture

What are the primary functions of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
A. Protects the brain from endogenous or exogenous toxins
B. To maintain a constant environment for neurons in the CNS
C. To facilitate the transport of large proteins into the brain
D. A and B
E. B and C

D. A and B

What does the blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevent regarding neurotransmitters?
A. The synthesis of neurotransmitters
B. The breakdown of neurotransmitters
C. The escape of neurotransmitters from their functional sites in the CNS into the general circulation
D. The transport of neurotransmitters into the CNS

C. The escape of neurotransmitters from their functional sites in the CNS into the general circulation

Which type of drug crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) more readily?
A. Ionized (water-soluble) drugs
B. Nonionized (lipid-soluble) drugs
C. Large protein-based drugs
D. High molecular weight drugs

B. Nonionized (lipid-soluble) drugs

What effect can inflammation, irradiation, and tumors have on the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
A. They can enhance the BBB's ability to exclude substances.
B. They can destroy the BBB and allow substances usually excluded to enter the brain.
C. They have no effect on the BBB.
D. They make the BBB impermeable to all substances.

B. They can destroy the BBB and allow substances usually excluded to enter the brain.

Why can L-DOPA cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) while dopamine itself cannot?
A. L-DOPA is a lipid-soluble drug, whereas dopamine is water-soluble.
B. L-DOPA is a nonionized (lipid-soluble) drug, whereas dopamine is ionized (water-soluble).
C. L-DOPA is actively transported across the BBB, whereas dopamine is not.
D. L-DOPA has a higher molecular weight than dopamine.

C. L-DOPA is actively transported across the BBB, whereas dopamine is not.

In the context of Parkinson's disease, why is L-DOPA used instead of dopamine?
A. L-DOPA is more stable than dopamine.
B. L-DOPA can cross the BBB and is converted into dopamine in the brain.
C. Dopamine can cross the BBB more efficiently than L-DOPA.
D. L-DOPA is less effective in treating Parkinson's disease compared to dopamine.

B. L-DOPA can cross the BBB and is converted into dopamine in the brain.

What do the presynaptic vesicles at a chemical synapse contain?
A. Mitochondria
B. Neurotransmitter substances
C. DNA
D. Ribosomes

B. Neurotransmitter substances

What is the role of mitochondria at chemical synapses?
A. To transport neurotransmitters across the synapse
B. To provide ATP for neurotransmitter synthesis
C. To degrade neurotransmitters
D. To store neurotransmitters

B. To provide ATP for neurotransmitter synthesis

Which of the following is NOT a neurotransmitter?

A. Acetylcholine (Ach)

B. Norepinephrine

C. Epinephrine

D. Dopamine

E. All of the above are neurotransmitters.

E. All of the above are neurotransmitters.

Which of the following is NOT a neurotransmitter?

A. glycine

B. serotonin

C. gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

D. enkephalines

E. All of the above are neurotransmitters.

E. All of the above are neurotransmitters.

Which of the following is a neurotransmitter?
A. substance P
B. ion channels
C. glutamic acid
D. A and C
E. All of the above are neurotransmitters.

D. A and C

What is a characteristic of the majority of neurons regarding neurotransmitter production?
A. They produce and release multiple neurotransmitters simultaneously.
B. They produce and release only one principal neurotransmitter.
C. They do not produce neurotransmitters.
D. They produce and release neurotransmitters only during sleep.

B. They produce and release only one principal neurotransmitter.

Which of the following describes the neurotransmitter Glycine?

A. found at neuromuscular junction, in autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic nerve

B. found at sympathetic nerve endings, in CNS: in hypothalamus.

C. found in high concentrations in basal ganglia and hypothalamus.

D. found principally in synapses in the spinal cord.

E. an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter in many central nervous neurons.

D. found principally in synapses in the spinal cord.

Which of the following describes the neurotransmitter Ach?

A. found at neuromuscular junction, in autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic nerve

B. found at sympathetic nerve endings, in CNS: in hypothalamus.

C. found in high concentrations in basal ganglia and hypothalamus.

D. found principally in synapses in the spinal cord.

E. an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter in many central nervous neurons.

A. found at neuromuscular junction, in autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic nerve

Which of the following describes the neurotransmitter Dopamine?

A. found at neuromuscular junction, in autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic nerve

B. found at sympathetic nerve endings, in CNS: in hypothalamus.

C. found in high concentrations in basal ganglia and hypothalamus.

D. found principally in synapses in the spinal cord.

E. an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter in many central nervous neurons.

C. found in high concentrations in basal ganglia and hypothalamus.

Which of the following describes the neurotransmitter Norepinphrine?

A. found at neuromuscular junction, in autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic nerve

B. found at sympathetic nerve endings, in CNS: in hypothalamus.

C. found in high concentrations in basal ganglia and hypothalamus.

D. found principally in synapses in the spinal cord.

E. an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter in many central nervous neurons.

B. found at sympathetic nerve endings, in CNS: in hypothalamus.

Which of the following describes the neurotransmitter Glutamate?

A. found at neuromuscular junction, in autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic nerve

B. found at sympathetic nerve endings, in CNS: in hypothalamus.

C. found in high concentrations in basal ganglia and hypothalamus.

D. found principally in synapses in the spinal cord.

E. an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter in many central nervous neurons.

E. an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter in many central nervous neurons.

What triggers the release of neurotransmitters from nerve endings?
A. Decrease in calcium ion (Ca++) concentration
B. Arrival of an action potential
C. Decrease in the resting potential of the postsynaptic membrane
D. Increase in sodium ion (Na+) concentration

B. Arrival of an action potential

What causes the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane?
A. A decrease in calcium ion (Ca++) concentration
B. An influx of calcium ions (Ca++) into the presynaptic terminal
C. A decrease in the action potential frequency
D. An increase in potassium ion (K+) concentration

B. An influx of calcium ions (Ca++) into the presynaptic terminal

What happens after the neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft?
A. They increase the resting potential of the postsynaptic membrane for a short time.
B. They directly cause muscle contraction.
C. They deactivate the action potential.
D. They enter the presynaptic terminal.

A. They increase the resting potential of the postsynaptic membrane for a short time.

For how long does neurotransmitter release affect the postsynaptic membrane?
A. Continuously until the action potential dissipates
B. For a long duration
C. For a short time
D. Until the presynaptic terminal reabsorbs the neurotransmitters

C. For a short time

What happens when a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on the postsynaptic membrane?
A. It directly changes the resting potential of the presynaptic membrane.
B. It opens ion channels, leading to either an excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potential.
C. It causes the presynaptic neuron to release more neurotransmitters.
D. It immediately reabsorbs the neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft.

B. It opens ion channels, leading to either an excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potential.

Which neurotransmitter and receptor combination typically generates an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?
A. GABA and nicotinic receptors
B. Acetylcholine (Ach) and muscarinic receptors
C. Acetylcholine (Ach) and nicotinic receptors
D. Serotonin and G-protein coupled receptors

C. Acetylcholine (Ach) and nicotinic receptors

What is the result of neurotransmitter binding to receptors that activate a second messenger system, such as a G-protein?
A. Immediate ion channel opening
B. Generation of an excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potential
C. A response that lasts for minutes
D. Direct neurotransmitter reabsorption

C. A response that lasts for minutes

Which of the following is an example of a neurotransmitter that acts through a second messenger system?
A. GABA
B. Acetylcholine (Ach) (nicotinic receptor)
C. Neuropeptides
D. Glycine

C. Neuropeptides

Which neurotransmitters are known to act as neuromodulators through second messenger systems?
A. Acetylcholine (Ach) (nicotinic receptor) and GABA
B. Serotonin and adenosine
C. Dopamine and norepinephrine
D. Glutamate and glycine

B. Serotonin and adenosine