Biochemistry Fill in the Gap

B11. Pyruvate kinase deficiency is caused by mutation in the ____ gene.

PKLR

B12. To enter the purine nucleotide cycle, muscle converts 2 molecules of ____ into AMP and ATP

ADP

B13. The stereospecific hydration of fumarate to form L-malate is catalyzed by the enzyme ____.

fumarase

B14. Polyubiquitin-tagged proteins are specifically recognized, unfolded, and degraded inside a large, barrel-shaped multi-subunit protease complex called the ____.

proteasome

B15. Cells balance their nucleotide economy by operating the energy-intensive de novo pathways alongside the recycling ____ pathways

salvage

B16. The mobile, lipid-soluble electron carrier that shuttles electrons from Complexes I and II to Complex III within the inner mitochondrial membrane is ____.

ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q)

A11. Pyruvate kinase deficiency is caused by mutation in the ____ gene.

PKLR

A12. Before entering the cycle, pyruvate must be oxidatively decarboxylated into __________ by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

acetyl-CoA

A13. Pyrimidine catabolism starts with a ________ reaction to produce nucleosides and Pi.

phosphorolysis

A14. Intracellular proteins destined for rapid degradation are covalently tagged by a small, highly conserved amino acid regulatory protein called ________.

ubiquitin

A15. The parent purine nucleotide IMP contains a 6-oxopurine base called ________.

Hypoxanthine

A16. During electron transport, electrons from NADH enter at Complex I, whereas electrons from FADH■ bypass Complex I and are transferred directly to ________.

Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q).