Lecture 3 - Development and Aging of Body Systems

Individual Structural

Body Systems fall under which constraint

Genetic, Extrinsic

Body Systems are influenced by _________ and __________ factors

Universality

The average pattern of change within each system

Specificity

The range of individual variations of a system

Skeletal, Muscular, Adipose, Endocrine, Nervous

5 Systems Covered

Skeletal, Aging

The ____________ system defines an individuals structure. It grows, shrinks, and changes throughout _____

cartilage model

The embryo/fetus has a ______________ of a skeleton

Process of laying down new bone material from cartilage

Ossification

Prescence of bone

Darker areas of scan during ossification indicate the _____________________

Absence of bone

Lighter areas of scan during ossification indicate the _____________

400, 400

There are _____ prenatal centres and ______ postnatal centres during ossification

Ossiclasts

___________ eat up old bone and remove old bone during ossification

Osteoblasts, youth, age

____________ lay new bone, working faster in _______ and slowing down as we ____

Midpoints of long bones

Primary ossification centers are located at the __________________

End of bone shafts

Secondary ossification centers are located at the ____________________

fetal age of 2 months, Centre outward

Primary ossification centers begin to form bone at _______________, growing from the ________________

Birth, Growth plates

Secondary ossification centers begin to form bone at _________________, growing from the ___________________

Center Outwards

For short and round bones, ossification only occurs from the

decrease blood supply, less ossification

Damage to the ossification centers can ______________ resulting in _______________________

osteoperosis

If osteoclasts do their job at a higher speed than osteoblasts, this leads to ______________

Appositional Bone Growth

Bone growth where the circumference of the bone grows, like a trunk of a tree in layers

Traction Epiphyses

Sites where Muscle tendons attach to bone

18-19

Most sites of bone growth typically end by ages __________

earlier

Closure of epiphyseal plates occurs __________ in girls

Maturity Status, Girls

Closure of the growth plates is connected to ___________________, this is why it ends younger in __________

remodeling

Throughout out lifespan, Bone undergoes ___________

slows, failing, reabsorption

In adulthood, bone growth _________, _________  to keep pace with _____________

Bone loss, Bone Growth

Osteroporosis causes ___________ to outpace ____________

Female, Elderly, Caucasian, Asian, Sedentary, Outer Space

Risk Factors of Osteoporosis

rib-cage, Stooped, Reduced

Osteoporosis leads to ______ collapse, _________ posture, _______ height

Chronological age

Hand and wrist X-rays are compared with standards for average skeletal development by ______________

Early Maturer

If an X-ray is taken at a given chronological age and it matches the standard for an older age, then the person is an ________________

Muscular System

System of the body that provides movement

Sigmoid

Muscle Growth follows a ________ pattern

sarcomeres

Increase in muscle diameter and muscle length by addition of ___________

minimal

Children exhibit __________ muscle mass differences between sexes

17, 54%

Post-Puberty, Muscle growth in boys continues to age ___, becoming ________ of their weight

13, 45%

Post-Puberty, Muscle growth in girls continues until age ___, Becoming ___ of their weight

Upper Body

Largest difference between Post-Puberty muscle growth of boys and girls is within the ____________

15-20, less, hard to bulk up

Women have ___________ times __________ testosterone, so it is alot _______________ compared to men

Slow Twitch, Fast Twitch(Immediate), Fast Twitch(Very Fast)

Types of muscle fibers

15-20%, Undifferentiated, 15%, 2

At birth _____ of muscle fibers are ___________ into types, an additional ___ of your type __ muscles have not determined their distinct subtype

proportional to body size

Heart and blood vessel size is _______________ in children and adolescents

50

Loss of muscle mass is minimal until age ____

80

On average, 30% of muscle is lose by age ____

Number, Size

Muscle loss in adults occurs in ________ and _________ of muscle fibers

Adipose System

System of your fat mass, Important for protection, energy storage, and insulation

8-15%

In 20 year old males, about _____ of their bodyweight is fat

15-20%

In 20 year old females, about ______ of their bodyweight is fat

6 months, 8 years

Fat increases rapidly until __________ of age, then gradually increases until

more dramatically

In adolescence, girls increase fat ____________ than boys

Hyperplasia and Hypertrophy

Prenatal Muscle Growth involves what type(s) of growth?

Hypertrophy

Postnatal Muscle Growth involves what type(s) of muscle growth?

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Adipose System Growth occurs through what type(s) of growth

Subcutaneous Fat

Type of fat that resides under the skin

6-7, 12-13, Boys, Girls

Subcutaneous fat increases from ages ______ until age ________, after this, subcutaenous fat slows in ____ and increases in ______

Within the first 6 months of life, During puberty

The 2 periods of large increases in fat

Increases, Decreases

Body fat in boys extremites __________ then ___________ after puberty

disappear, shrink

Fat cells never ___________, at most they can only ________

18lbs, 26lbs, Diet, Excercise

During early to middle adulthood, men can expect to gain ____ while women can expect to gain ____, these averages may vary due to _____ and _______

Endocrine system

System composed of many glands that contributes to hormone production.

Metabolism, Growth, Tissue Function, Sexual Function, Reproduction, Sleep, Mood

The Endocrine system regulates the following:

Hormones

Chemical substances that play important roles in human functioning

Growth Hormone

Secreted by anterior pituitary gland at the base of brain, responsible for normal growth

Thyroid Gland

Secreted by the Thyroid Gland, responsible for whole body growth and skeletal growth

Gonadal Hormone

Hormone that is responsible for sexual maturation and secondary sex characteristics

Estrogen

Gonadal Hormone that is secreted by the ovaries in girls. Promotes fat accumulation

Testosterone

Gonadal hormone that is secreted by the testes in boys, Promotes muscle growth

Fat, Muscle, Adrenal

Estrogen promotes _________ growth while testosterone promotes _________ growth, both are secreted by the _______ gland aswell as either respective gonadal glands

Imbalances, Thyroid Disorders

As people age, they may develop __________ within their endocrine system. __________ disorders become more common

Nervous ystem

System that controls movements, speech, thought, and memory. It is composed of nerves that are located all throughout the body.

Neural Network

Large collection of neurons, their signal speed made faster by insulation of of myelin sheaths

Genes, Synaptic connections

____ are responsible for much of the nervous systems development. However, some influence is connected to extrinsic factors such as _____________

Formation, Migration, Axons

Within Prenatal Neural Development, Process of neuron _________ and ___________ occur into general neuron types. Once in place, neurons develop _______ to carry signals to other neurons

electrical, patterns

Within Early Neural Development, Neurons start to fire __________ impulses, slowly developing a set of __________

increases, size, number, size, branches

Within Post Natal, Brain growth ___________ rapidly. There are increases to the ____ of neurons, the ______ of glial cells, the ______ of myelin sheaths, ad formation of prolific _______ to form synapses

Experience

Within the nervous system, ____________ with a task is said to cause improvements of speed of electrical impulses

Advancted, Cerebral Cortex

At birth, Spinal cord and Lower brain are relatively _________, and the ____________ gradually gains function.

Neurons, Dendrites, Synapses, neurotransmitters, and myelin

Older adults tend to lose _______, __________, __________, _____________-, and ____________

Breaks, Slower Detours

One theory suggests that _________ in neural network links cause ____________ and therefore slowing

Excersize

_______ Promotes improved cognitive function and can lessens the damage from neural aging