Geography ✿ Distinctive landscapes

Landscape

an area of land with both physical features and human features

Where are upland areas usually found?

north and west of the UK

Where are lowland areas usually found?

south and west of the UK

Where are glaciated areas usually found?

north-west of the UK

state 4 characteristics of upland areas

• formed of harder rocks (slate, granite, limestone)

• climate is usually cool and wet

• thin soils due to harsh climate

• land used for farming and tourism

state 4 characteristics of lowland areas

• formed of softer rocks (chalk, clay, sandstone)

• climate is usually warmer and drier

• fertile soils

• land used for industries and farming

state 2 characteristics of glaciated areas

• ice causes erosion of the landscape causing valleys

• ice also melts which deposits material

weathering

break down or dissolving of rocks

erosion

transportation of rocks or minerals

biological weathering

the breakdown of rock caused by the movement of animals and plants

chemical weathering

the breakdown of rock by changing it’s chemical composition

mechanical weathering

process of physical changes such as wind, temperature and waves which breakdown rock

3 upper course landforms

• v shaped valley

• waterfalls

• gorges

3 middle course landforms

• wide valleys

• meanders

• ox-bow lakes

3 lower course landforms

• ox-bow lakes

• flood plains

• levees

flood plain

flat land next to a river, material is deposited here when river is flooded

hard engineering

using artificial structures to control nature

soft engineering

working with natural coastal processes

solution (erosion)

dissolved carbon dioxide making waters acidic, the acid reacts with rocks

abrasion

when rocks scrape against the seabed, removing small pieces

attrition

rocks smashing into each other, breaking them into smaller fragments

hydraulic action

the force of water crashing into headlands/ river banks

how are caves formed?

• waves crash into the headlands, forming cracks by hydraulic action

• repeated erosion causes the cracks to open, forming a cave

how are arcs formed?

a cave becomes larger and eventually breaks through the headland

how are stacks formed?

the base of an arch becomes wider through further erosion, the roof becomes too heavy and collapses

how are spits formed?

• sediment is carried by longshore drift

• a change in wind direction occurs and forms a hooked end

How are v shaped valleys formed?

• a river that flows through a mountain, its land is eroded vertically

• overtime this deepens the river bed, creating deep v shape valley

• mass movement and weathering on valley sides cause lose material to fall which the river transports down stream, deepening its shape

how is a river levee formed?

• a river is flooded and spreads out on the floodplain

• as water overflows, heavy sediment is deposited closest to banks

• this repeats overtime which creates build up of sediment, creating raised embankments

how are headlands and bays formed?

• erosion occurs at more harder rocks which erodes slower than the softer rock

• as the soft rock is eroded away quicker it creates a bay leaving the harder rock sticking out into the sea as headlands

describe the 2 types of waves

• constructive → low frequency waves

• destructive

deposition

when material is being carried by the water (in rivers or seas) and dropped off

describe the 2 types of mass movement

• slumps → material shifts with a rotation

• slides → material shifts in a line

mass movement

the shifting of rocks and loose material down a slope

traction

rocks are pushed along the river seabed by force of the water

saltation

rocks being bounced along the seabed

suspension

rocks like silt and clay are carried along by water

solution (transportation)

soluble material dissolved in the water are carried along