Anatomy Chapter 1

What is the definition of Anatomy?

The study of the structural basis of body function

What is the definition of Physiology?

The study of the functional relevance of a structure

What is Functional Morphology?

The study of the anatomy (structure) of organs and the functional reasons behind it

What is gross anatomy?

The study of structure visible to the naked eye

What is surface anatomy?

Study of the external surface of the body

What is radiological anatomy?

Study of internal structure using X-rays and other imaging techniques

What is systemic anatomy?

Study of one organ structure at a time

What is regional anatomy?

Study of multiple organ systems at once in a given region of the body

What is histology?

Microscopic anatomy

What is histopathology?

microscopic analysis of diseased tissue

what is cytology?

Study of cells

What is ultrastructure?

structure at the molecular level

What are the different ways to examine the human body?

Inspection (looking), auscultation (listening), palpation (touching), percussion (tapping), dissection (cutting), exploratory surgery (opening up), medical imaging (looking inside with no surgery)

What is radiology?

Branch of medicine concerned with imaging. Some methods use ionizing radiation (x-rays, positrons)

What is radiography?

Photographing internal structures with x-rays

How do x-rays work?

Pass through soft tissues to but are absorbed by dense tissues to reveal bones, teeth, and tumors

Hollow organs can be visualized by filling them with a ______ that absorbs x-rays

contrast medium

What is an MRI?

Magnetic resonance imaging - a high resolution technique that uses a magnetic field instead of x-rays. images are more detailed than CT, better distinguish between soft tumors, and useful for tumor detection

What is a CT scan?

Computed tomography - imaging thin slices of the body using x-rays. images are much sharper than a conventional x-ray, useful for identifying tumors, clots, aneurysms, hemorrhages, kidney stones

What is a PET scan?

Positron Emission Tomography - allows the visualization of the metabolic state of a tissue. Used to determine extent of tissue damage or death, presence of tumors and used in early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s. An example of nuclear medicine - uses radioisotopes to determine which tissues are active. Can be coupled with CT or MRI to increase resolution

What is sonography?

Uses ultrasound waves to visualize internal organs. Avoids harmful effects of x-rays, but images are less clear.

What are some variations in human structure?

No two humans are exactly alike; some are missing ribs, lacking certain organs, have horseshoe kidney, kidneys may be supplied by one or two renal arteries and drained by one or two ureters

What is an organism?

Single, complete individual

What are organs systems?

group of organs that together carry out basic functions

What are organs?

Structure with definite boundaries that has two or more layers of tissue

What is a tissue?

Similar cells working together to perform a function

What is a cell?

Smallest unit considered to be alive, consists of a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm, and in most cases, a nucleus

What is an organelle?

Microscopic structures within a cell working to keep it alive

What are molecules?

Particles of two or more ATOMS joined together by chemical bonds

What are the 11 organ systems?

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive (M/F)

What are the protective organ systems?

Muscular, skeletal, integumentary

What are the systems of internal communication?

Nervous and endocrine

What are the systems of fluid transport?

Urinary and lymphatic

What are the systems of intake and output?

Digestive, urinary and respiratory

What is anatomical position?

The position referred to when discussing anatomy, standing upright with palms facing forward (or supinated)

What are the anatomical planes?

Imaginary planes used to divide the body into sections; sagittal (vertical plane, divides R and L)(median/midsagittal passes through midline of body, dividing into equal R and L halves), frontal (coronal, divides body into front and back) and transverse (axial/horizontal plane, divides top and bottom)

What are directional terms?

Terms that give reference to a position of body structure; ex: superior vs. inferior, anterior vs. posterior, proximal vs. distal, ventral vs. dorsal

What is the axial region?

Head, neck, and trunk

What sections is the trunk divided into?

Thoracic region (above diaphragm, think chest) and abdominal region (think stomach)

What are the nine regions the abdominal region is divided in to?

Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguinal, hypogastric, left inguinal

What is the appendicular region?

Contains upper (brachial region, antebrachial region, carpal region, and digits) and lower limbs (femoral region, crural region, tarsal region, and digits)

What are body cavities?

Cavities in the body lined by a thin sheet called a membrane. Membranes enfold or surround internal organs, the viscera. Ex: Cranial cavity (holds the brain) and vertebral canal (holds the spinal cord) and thoracic cavity (bounded by ribs and divided by the mediastinum, which contains the heart, major vessels, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, and thymus)

What is the heart surrounded by?

Two layered pericardium. Fluid filled space that allows the heart to beat with no friction

What are the lungs surrounded by?

Two layered pleura

What does the abdominopelvic cavity contain?

Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity. Surrounded by a two-layered, serous membrane, the peritoneum

Retroperitoneal organs lie where?

Against body wall with peritoneum only on anterior side

Intraperitoneal organs lie where?

Encircled by a visceral peritoneum; this layer is also called the serosa

What is the mesentery?

The single, extensively folded membrane formed by the visceral peritoneum. Allows freedom of movement while keeping organs organized

The posterior mesentery…

anchors digestive organs to posterior body wall; includes the mesocolon anchoring the large intestine

The anterior mesentery…

includes greater omentum and lesser omentum

What are potential spaces?

Between body membranes that are pressed together; not an actual space but can become a true space when filled with fluid or matter. Pleural cavity, Pericardial cavity, Peritoneal cavity

Terminologia Anatomica…

prescribes the standard international anatomical names. Some terms are eponyms, named after people