Female Anatomy, Fertilization, and Gestation

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts related to female anatomy, fertilization, and gestation.

Estrogen

A hormone produced by the ovaries that stimulates the development of female secondary sexual characteristics and regulates the menstrual cycle.

Progesterone

A hormone produced by the ovaries that prepares the uterine lining for potential implantation of a fertilized egg.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A hormone that stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in females and promotes sperm production in males.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A hormone that triggers ovulation in females and stimulates testosterone production in males.

Epididymis

A tube where sperm mature and are stored, located behind each testis.

Hypothalamus, pituitary

For manual therapists the links between reproduction functions, the _______ and the ______ gland of our particular interest

Accessory organs

Include the ducts and chambers that make up the tracks connecting the gonads with the genitalia

Glands that secrete fluids to protect, transport, or facilitate the movement in joining of gametes

Hormonal control process

Male and female reproductive systems stimulated and controlled by endocrine system

hypothalamus stimulates anterior pituitary to release to gonadotropins

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH)

2 gonadotropins

Gametes, sex

FSH and LH stimulate the gonads to produce ______ and ___ hormones

True

The same gonadotropins are released in both males and females but their names describe their functions within the female reproductive system only

Lobules

200 to 300 small compartments inside the testes

Seminiferous tubules

Within each lab mule are one to three tightly coiled tubes, which produced the male gamete (sperm)

True

The testes are located externally since the optical temperature for sperm production and survival is a few degrees below the normal core body temperature of 98.6° f

Leydig cells, testosterone

When stimulated by LH from the anterior pituitary, the _____ _____ located between the seminferous tubules secretes ______

sperm

Testosterone, along with FSH from the pituitary stimulates the production of _____

Genitalia, characteristics

Testosterone is responsible for the development of the male _______ at puberty in the development of secondary sex ________

Enhanced muscular and skeletal growth, deepening of the voice, thickening of skin, and development of facial and body hair

Secondary sex characteristics include

Duct system

In males this system includes the seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra.

Semen

Sperm and secretions in the accessory organs, sperm is moved through the accessory organs by glands that's a great fluids that provide nutrition in protection

Seminole vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands

The accessory organs that produce and secrete the liquid components of semen include

Epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct and urethra

The spermatic duct system includes

True

Sperm matures in the epididymis, developing their motility inability to fertilize female eggs, this process takes about 10 to 14 days but can be stored for several months

Ejaculatory ducts, urethra

During sexual arousal sperm is forcefully propelled throough ________ ____ and the ______

Seminal vesicles

60% of liquid portion of semen is produced by these, which lie between the bladder and rectum

Alkaline, urethra

Seminal vesicles secretes a thick ______ fluid that helps neutralize the acidic pH inside the _____

25 to 35%, mobility, clot

Prostatic fluid makes up about ____ to ____ of semen and contains several substances that support sperm ______ and ensure the semen does not ____ or congeal

Bulbourethral glands

Two additional secretory glands, situated inferior to the prostate on either side of the urethra, also quite alkaline

Pea sized, ejaculation

Bulbourethral glands are ___ ______ and produce a clear mucus like substance that lubricates the lining of the urethra to project sperm during

3, smooth

The shaft consists of ___ fascia covered cylinders of spongy erectile tissue divided into multiple compartments by thin walls of ____ muscle in elastic connective tissue

Prolactin

Hormone from the anterior pituitary that stimulates milk production

Oxytocin

Hormone from the posterior pituitary that enables milk release

Production of gametes

Primary function of ovaries

Follicle

Protective ring of specialized cells that holds each egg (thousands)

Ovulation

Once a month FSH from the pituitary stimulates several follicles to ripen or mature together each with an ovum inside normally only one of these follicles migrates to the edge of the ovary and ruptures to release its egg

Estrogen and progesterone

When stimulated by gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary the ovaries also produce the sex hormones

Estrogen

Stimulates the development of the reproductive organs and the secondary sex characteristics at puberty just like testosterone

Enlargement of breasts, hair growth in the axilla and pubis, widening of the pelvis, and increased subcutaneous fat deposits in the hips, thighs, buttocks and breasts

Secondary characteristics in females include

Menstrual cycles

Estrogen is also necessary for the onset of…..

progesterone

Important to support development of the uterine lining needed for egg implantation and development

Mons pubis

Superior to the vulva, soft mound of fatty tissue over the pubic bone, translates to pubic mountain

Perineum in females

Region between the Mons pubis and anus

Vestibular glands

Two mucus producing glands located in the rims of the vagina orifice, secret large amounts of mucus during arousal to assist in penetration

Fallopian tubes aka ovidicts, uterus and vagina

Female three major accessories sex organs

Fallopian tubes AKA oviducts

Carry the eggs from the ovaries to the uterus, attach to the superior aspect of the uterus, two short muscular tubes that extend laterally and end at the ovaries

5

An eggs trip in the fallopian tube takes approximately ____ days

Fundus

Superior domed aspect of the uterus

Body

Broad Central region of the uterus

Cervix

Narrow in for your section of the uterus

Endometrium

Lining of the uterus that is a vascular mucous membrane, during female reproductive cycle hormone signals cause the this to thicken in preparation for implantation of a fertilized egg

True

If an egg is not fertilized the endometrium lining dies forming a mixture of dead cells and blood that is sloughed away as menstrual flow

Female reproductive cycle/menstrual cycle

A series of predictable patterns of changing hormone levels, productions of ova, shifts in the vascularity and thickness of the uterine lining

28, 3

Average menstrual cycle is ___ days long and is divided into___ phases

Menses, proliferation, secretion

Name the three phases of the menstrual cycle

Menses

First day of the cycle is the onset, bleeding caused by the sloughing away of the uterine lining, lasts 4-5 days

Proliferative phase

Days six through 11, increased levels of estrogen signal the endometrium to grow or proliferate, estrogen is secreted from the follicles, leading to a thickened endometrium and an increase in vascularity

Secretion phase

Days 15 to 28, begins with ovulation and ends with the onset of menses, high levels of progesterone stimulate the endometrial glands to produce a nutrient-rich fluid that supports the growth of a fertilized egg, if no fertilized egg menstruation occurs

Gestation/prenatal period/pregnancy

Period from conception to birth

inner, side

Blastocyst has an outer ring of cells surrounding an ______ cavity, The inner cavity contains a massive cells clustered to ______.

Human chorionic gonadotropin HCG, menses

The rapidly growing mass of cells in the blastocyst secretes a hormone similar to LH called _______ _______ ______, which stimulates the corpus luteum to continue producing a estrogen and progesterone to maintain the uterine lining and prevent ____

Implantation

Between the 4th and 7th day after conception the blastocyte burrows its way into the endometrial lining

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Blastocyst inner mass of cells develop into these embryonic layers

Ectoderm

Develops into the integumentary and nervous system

Mesoderm

Develops into the muscles in connective tissues

Endoderm

Develops into the internal organ systems composed of mucosa and glandular epithelium

Amniotic sac

The internal cellular mess of the blastocyst also produces this, which surrounds and protects the embryo

Placenta

The outer layer of the blastocyst produces extensions that become invested in the endometrium and eventually form the membrane called

Embryo

Week three of gestation the developing tissue mass is now an _______

Plasma volume increases 30-50%

Maternal heart rate and blood pressure increases to circulate the additional fluid

Red blood cell mass increases by only 18%

Mother's respiratory rate also increases

Kidney function also increases to process additional fluid and fetal wastes

During gestation the mother's body undergoes extensive changes like

Descent and dilation, birth, and expulsion of the placenta

Three stages of the birth process

Descend and dilation

Stage begins with the answer of uterine contractions, the surface begins to efface (thin & shorten) and dilate to permit the baby to pass through the birth canal

4 in or 10 cm

Descent and dilation is complete when the cervix is fully dilated at approximately____

Expulsion of the placenta

Within minutes of the baby's birth the placenta separates from the wall of the uterus and is expelled along with the remaining fetal membranes

True

Fluctuating hormone levels/declining estrogen cause irregularities in the normal menstrual cycle and changes in the reproductive organs

50-60, 35

Testosterone levels decreased dramatically between the ages of _____, this decrease may start as early as age

Decreased desire for sexual activity

Smaller numbers of viable sperm

Decrease in the mass and strength of skeletal muscles

Decrease in testosterone leads to…

Benign prosthetic hyperplasia (BPH)

Common condition for aging people is an enlargement of the prostate gland called

Prostate can grow up to four times its normal size and obstruct the urethra increasing the urgency and frequency of urination decreasing the force of the urine stream and creating a sensation of incomplete emptying of the bladder