Personality, Development, and Social Influence

Sigmund Freud

Medical doctor (neuroscientist) initially before developing "psychoanalysis" and other topics.

Conscious (model of mind)

Aware of thoughts and perceptions

Unconscious (model of mind)

Hidden memories,

Preconscious (model of mind)

Memories, stored knowledge, fears, and doubts

Id

First part of mind that emerges during infancy, pleasure principle (instinct and gratification)

Superego

Second part to develop based on environment, guilt and shame

Ego (Freud)

Balance between id and superego, mediates the two

Oral Stage

0-1, Mouth, Weaning off breast milk, leads to smoking and overeating

Anal Stage

1-3, Anus, toilet training, leads to messiness

Phallic Stage

3-6, Genitals, Resolve oedipus/electra complex (desire for opposite sex parent and rivalry with other one), leads to sexual dysfunction

Latency

6-12, No focus of libido, Develops defense mechanisms, no adult fixation

Genital

12+, Genitals, Reaches full sexual maturity, if all stages are achieved, the person is healthy

Defense Mechanisms

Unconscious psychological mechanisms that reduce anxiety that may arise from something unrecognizable

Repression

Pushing thoughts into our unconscious

Displacement

Redirecting one's feelings toward another person or object

Projection

Believing that the feelings one has toward someone else are actually held by the other person and directed at oneself

Reaction Formation

Expressing the opposite of ow one truly feels

Regression

Returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior

Rationalization

Coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable outcome

Intellectualization

Undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic

Sublimation

Changing one's frustration toward a different goal

Psychodynamic (Freud)

Theory that there is a major conflict in each stage, and we have problems if we don't move past it

Ericson

We keep developing until we die

Carl Jung

Unconscious mind vs. collective unconscious

Collective Unconscious

General unconscious that everybody taps into

Archetypes

Images inherited from the experience of ancestors (myths, characters, etc.)

Personal Unconscious

Personal memories

Individuation

Integrating the conscious with the unconscious to develop the mind

Animus/Anima

Opposite sexual aspects

Shadow

Part of personality we hide from ourselves

Ego (Jung)

Personality that we know

Persona

How we present to the world (mask)

Trait vs. Situation Debate

Behavior is shaped by both personality traits and situational forces, rather than either alone

Person-Situation Interaction

Personality traits influence behavior differently depending on the situation