ANA 110 (Salmeron)-University of Kentucky--Exam 2

Functions of Blood

-transports nutrients and waste
- regulates body fluids
- protects the body via clotting and the immune system

Components of blood

- plasma (55%)
- Leukocytes and platelets (1%) (Buffycoat)
- Red blood cells (44%)

Blood plasma

extracellular matrix of blood that mainly contains water and proteins

What are formed elements of the blood?

- leukocytes (WBC)
- erythrocytes (RDC)
- Platelets--cell membrane fragments

White blood cells anatomy

Red blood cells anatomy

Platelets anatomy

What is normal blood pH?

7.35-7.45
- tightly regulated because it is very critical for life (ex: enzymes)

Average Adult Blood Volume for men and women

Men: 5-6 liters
Women: 4-5 liters

Major function of red blood cells

transport oxygen

________ lack nuclei and other major organelles

red blood cells

Red blood cells are almost entirely _________

hemoglobin

Hemoglobin

key protein for O2 and CO2 transport

What gives RBCs their red color?

hemoglobin

Hemoglobin has 4 _____ groups, which each contain _____

heme, iron

Cells of the immune system

leukocytes

Leukocytes have a _____, but lack _______

nucleus, hemoglobin

types of leukocytes

granulocytes ("grainy") and agranulocytes (not "grainy")

Types of granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Neutrophils

- granulocyte
- most common WBC
- attack infection
- first responder

Eosinophils

- granulocyte
- parasite response
- deals with asthma and eczema

Basophils

- granulocyte
- allergic resposne
- release histamine and heparin

types of agranulocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes

Lymphocytes

- agranulocytes
- attack cancer cells and virus-infected cells
- immune memory
- coordination

Monocytes

- agranulocytes
- become macrophages
- eat infection and debris

Platelet

- cell fragments released from megakaryocyte
- plug holes in blood vessels

Where are platelets found?

buffy coat

Erythrocytes carry ____ in and ______ out

O2, CO2

RBC's have a _______ lifespan

short (120 days)

Where are new blood cells produced?

red bone marrow

Where is most red bone marrow found in adults?

axial skeleton

Hematopoiesis

formation of blood cells

What is hematopoiesis mainly controlled by

the hormone erythropoietin (EPO)

Hemopoietic stem cells form ________ cells which mature into blood cells

immature precursor

osteogenic cells form _______

osteoblasts

hemopeotic cells form______

osteoclasts

hematopoiesis =

hemopoiesis

What is required for hematopoiesis to occur?

- hemoglobin raw materials (iron, globin, heme)
- vitamins that support cell division (folate, Vitamin B12)
- erythropoietin (EPO)

What happens when a RBC reaches the end of its life?

- old or damaged RBCs are destroyed in spleen or liver
- hemoglobin is broken down and recycled

How is iron from heme recycled?

transported by transferrin to red bone marrow

How is heme recycled?

broken down to bilirubin

How are cell fragments phagocytized?

monocytes

Life cycle of WBC

most live only a few days
- during infection, some live only for a few hours
- some can live for months or years

WBC count will __________ when they are "called to action"

increase

What to WBCs do to get to tissues where they are needed?

exit the bloodstream

Hemostasis

stoppage of bleeding

Three mechanisms of hemostasis

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

Vascular spasm

- INVOLUNTARY
- smooth muscle in wall of damaged vessel contracts immediately to reduce blood loss

platelet plug formation

- platelets stick to damaged tissue
- other platelets are activated to sustain vascular spasm
- platelet plug is formed by oncoming platelets

Coagulation (blood clotting)

- positive feedback
- thrombin and fibrin in action

Thrombin

enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation

Fibrin

final product that forms majority of a blood clot

Fibrinolysis

Breakdown and removal of a clot and fibrin

anticoagulant

prevents blood clotting

Endogenous anticoagulant

heparin from basophils

Pharmaceutical anticoagulants

warfarin--blocks vitamin K recycling

What is blood type?

set of glycoproteins and antigens displayed on the surface of their RBCs

Two major typing systems for blood types

ABO and Rh

Type A blood

A antigens, B antibodies

Type B blood has

B antigens, A antibodies

Type AB blood

A and B antigens, no antibodies

Type O blood

no antigens, A and B antibodies

universal donor

Type O

universal receiver

AB

Type A can donate to

Type A and Type AB

Type B can donate to

B, AB

Type AB can donate to

AB

Type O can donate to

A, B, AB, O

Rh+

has antigen

Rh-

no antigen

Rh is especially important to understand what?

pregnancy screening

Respiratory system

acts with the cardiovascular system to bring oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide from the body

function of respiratory system

- gas exchange
- regulate blood pH
- produces vocal sounds

Paired thoracic cavity organs

lungs

visceral pleura

covers the lungs

Parietal pleura

lines the thoracic cavity

Pleaural cavity is filled with ________

serous fluid

Structural formation of respiratory system

- upper respiratory
- lower respiratory

Upper respiratory

nose and pharynx

Lower respiratory

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Functional structures of respiratory system

- conducting zone
- respiratory zone

Conducting zone

filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs

Respiratory zone

site of gas exchange (alveolar sacs)

Alveolar sacs

clusters of alveoli that allow for rapid gas exchange

floor of nasal cavity

hard and soft palate

roof of nasal cavity

ethmoid and sphenoid bones

Midline of nasal cavity:

vomer and septal cartilage

cilia in nasal cavity

push mucus to back of throat to be swallowed and digested

Conchae

lobes in nasal cavity that provide produce a quart of fluid a day to protect from pathogens

Pharynx (throat)

performs the swallowing action that passes food from the mouth into the esophagus

Pharyngeal regions

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

nasopharynx

mostly air

oropharynx

air and food passageway

laryngopharynx

air and food pasage

Larynx

- voice box
- passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea
- contains vocal cords

Larynx anatomy

What are the two regions of the larynx?

epiglottis and glottis

Epiglottis

covers larynx during swallowing

Glottis

space between the vocal folds

Ventricular folds

hold breath, do not produce sound