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Encomienda System
System enforced by Spain where natives farmed or mined in return for care
Asiento System
System where Spanish colonists traded enslaved people
Adena Hopewell
Culture famous for its ancient earthen mounds
Hokokam, Anasazi, Pueblos
Native American cultures in the Southwest known for farming maize
Woodland Mound Builders
Members of a culture that built timber structures in the Ohio River Valley
Lakota Sioux
Tribe from the Great Plains known for using horses to hunt buffalo
Incas
Native group in Peru that achieved supremacy over Spain
Mayas
Native group that built large cities in the rainforest
Hernan Cortéz
Conquistador who increased Spain's wealth
Francisco Pizarro
Conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire
New Laws 1542
Laws that ended native slavery and mistreatment
Roanohe Island
Failed English colony due to conflict with Native Americans
Compass / Printing Press
Inventions that aided European exploration and the spread of ideas
Ferdinand / Isabella
Monarchs who united Spain and funded Columbus' voyage
Protestant Reformation
Religious revolt in Europe that motivated colonizers
Algonquian
Northeast Native American language family
Siouan
Great Plains Native American language family
Iroquois Confederation
Union of Native American tribes that interacted with Europeans
Long houses
Northeastern houses where multiple families lived together
John Cabot
English explorer who claimed land in North America
Jacques Cartier
French explorer who claimed land in North America
Samuel de Champlain
Founder of New France (Canada)
Henry Hudson
Explorer who sponsored by the Netherlands, ended up in Hudson Bay
Bartolome de las Casas
Spanish priest who fought against enslaving Native Americans
Valladolid Debate
Debate over the treatment of Native Americans
Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda
Argued that Native Americans were inferior to Europeans
Spanish Colonies
Colonies with missions, encomienda system, silver, gold
French Colonies
Colonies focused on fur trade, Jesuits, Quebec
Dutch Colonies
Colonies focused on fur trade, Atlantic trade, New Amsterdam
Chesapeake Colonies
Colonies focused on tobacco, slaves
North Carolina Colonies
Small colonies with sufficient tobacco farms
Virginia Company
Joint-stock company that founded Jamestown
New England Colonies
Colonies focused on religious freedom, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay
Pilgrims v. Puritans
Separatists who wanted to separate from the Church of England
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Colony where Puritans settled and established religious freedom
John Winthrop
Leader of the Puritans and founder of Boston
Great Migration
Religious and political conflicts that led to the migration of 20,000 settlers to Massachusetts
Roger Williams
Minister who founded Rhode Island and advocated for religious freedom
Anne Hutchinson
Advocate of antinomianism and founder of Portsmouth
Maryland Act of Toleration
Law that allowed religious freedom in Maryland
Half Way Covenant
Allowed partial church membership for those who had not yet converted
British West Indies
Caribbean colonies focused on sugar and slave labor
Cash and Staple Crops
Crops grown for commercial use, main crop in specific regions
Middle Colonies
Colonies with fertile land, diverse immigrant population, and religious tolerance
William Penn and Quakers
Founder of Pennsylvania and religious refuge for Quakers
Southern Colonies
Colonies focused on agriculture and slave labor
Mayflower Compact
Agreement among Pilgrims to make decisions based on majority rule
House of Burgesses
First representative assembly in Virginia
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
First written constitution in America, established representative government
Pennsylvania's Frame of Government
Governor's council and assembly in Pennsylvania
Salem Witch Trials
Prosecutions and executions of people accused of witchcraft in Massachusetts
Town Hall Meetings
Community meetings where decisions were made collectively
Transatlantic Trade
Trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas
Mercantilism
Economic system where a country's wealth is based on exporting more than importing
Navigation Acts
Laws that regulated trade in the British colonies
Salutary Neglect
British policy of relaxed enforcement of colonial regulations
Glorious Revolution
Overthrow of King James II in England
King Philip's War
Conflict between New England colonies and Native American tribes
Paxton Boys
Aggressive Pennsylvania colonists who attacked Native Americans
Bacon's Rebellion
Rebellion in Virginia against the colonial government
Stono Rebellion
Largest slave rebellion in colonial America
Pueblo Revolt
Revolt against Spanish colonizers in present-day New Mexico
Indentured servants
Laborers who worked for a set period of time in exchange for passage to America
Headright System
System where land was granted to those who paid for others' passage to America
Chattel Slavery
System where enslaved people were treated as property
Benjamin West
Painter known for his historical scenes
Benjamin Franklin
Founding Father and polymath
Phillis Wheatley
African-American poet
Pluralism
Coexistence of different ethnic and religious groups
Anglicization
Process of adopting English culture and customs
Great Awakening
Religious revival in the American colonies
Transatlantic Print Culture
Exchange of ideas and information through printed materials
Great Awakening
Religious revival in the American colonies
Protestant Evangelicalism
Religious movement that emphasized the authority of the Bible
Subsistence Farming
Farming to produce enough food for one's own family
Scots Irish
Protestants from Scotland and Ireland who settled in the American colonies
Primogeniture
Inheritance system where the firstborn son receives all the property
Hereditary Aristocracy
Social class based on inherited wealth and status
John Peter Zenger
New York publisher who challenged the government's authority
Enlightenment
Intellectual movement that emphasized reason and science
John Locke
Philosopher who argued for natural rights and limited government