APUSH Unit 2

Encomienda System

System enforced by Spain where natives farmed or mined in return for care

Asiento System

System where Spanish colonists traded enslaved people

Adena Hopewell

Culture famous for its ancient earthen mounds

Hokokam, Anasazi, Pueblos

Native American cultures in the Southwest known for farming maize

Woodland Mound Builders

Members of a culture that built timber structures in the Ohio River Valley

Lakota Sioux

Tribe from the Great Plains known for using horses to hunt buffalo

Incas

Native group in Peru that achieved supremacy over Spain

Mayas

Native group that built large cities in the rainforest

Hernan Cortéz

Conquistador who increased Spain's wealth

Francisco Pizarro

Conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire

New Laws 1542

Laws that ended native slavery and mistreatment

Roanohe Island

Failed English colony due to conflict with Native Americans

Compass / Printing Press

Inventions that aided European exploration and the spread of ideas

Ferdinand / Isabella

Monarchs who united Spain and funded Columbus' voyage

Protestant Reformation

Religious revolt in Europe that motivated colonizers

Algonquian

Northeast Native American language family

Siouan

Great Plains Native American language family

Iroquois Confederation

Union of Native American tribes that interacted with Europeans

Long houses

Northeastern houses where multiple families lived together

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed land in North America

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who claimed land in North America

Samuel de Champlain

Founder of New France (Canada)

Henry Hudson

Explorer who sponsored by the Netherlands, ended up in Hudson Bay

Bartolome de las Casas

Spanish priest who fought against enslaving Native Americans

Valladolid Debate

Debate over the treatment of Native Americans

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

Argued that Native Americans were inferior to Europeans

Spanish Colonies

Colonies with missions, encomienda system, silver, gold

French Colonies

Colonies focused on fur trade, Jesuits, Quebec

Dutch Colonies

Colonies focused on fur trade, Atlantic trade, New Amsterdam

Chesapeake Colonies

Colonies focused on tobacco, slaves

North Carolina Colonies

Small colonies with sufficient tobacco farms

Virginia Company

Joint-stock company that founded Jamestown

New England Colonies

Colonies focused on religious freedom, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay

Pilgrims v. Puritans

Separatists who wanted to separate from the Church of England

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Colony where Puritans settled and established religious freedom

John Winthrop

Leader of the Puritans and founder of Boston

Great Migration

Religious and political conflicts that led to the migration of 20,000 settlers to Massachusetts

Roger Williams

Minister who founded Rhode Island and advocated for religious freedom

Anne Hutchinson

Advocate of antinomianism and founder of Portsmouth

Maryland Act of Toleration

Law that allowed religious freedom in Maryland

Half Way Covenant

Allowed partial church membership for those who had not yet converted

British West Indies

Caribbean colonies focused on sugar and slave labor

Cash and Staple Crops

Crops grown for commercial use, main crop in specific regions

Middle Colonies

Colonies with fertile land, diverse immigrant population, and religious tolerance

William Penn and Quakers

Founder of Pennsylvania and religious refuge for Quakers

Southern Colonies

Colonies focused on agriculture and slave labor

Mayflower Compact

Agreement among Pilgrims to make decisions based on majority rule

House of Burgesses

First representative assembly in Virginia

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

First written constitution in America, established representative government

Pennsylvania's Frame of Government

Governor's council and assembly in Pennsylvania

Salem Witch Trials

Prosecutions and executions of people accused of witchcraft in Massachusetts

Town Hall Meetings

Community meetings where decisions were made collectively

Transatlantic Trade

Trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas

Mercantilism

Economic system where a country's wealth is based on exporting more than importing

Navigation Acts

Laws that regulated trade in the British colonies

Salutary Neglect

British policy of relaxed enforcement of colonial regulations

Glorious Revolution

Overthrow of King James II in England

King Philip's War

Conflict between New England colonies and Native American tribes

Paxton Boys

Aggressive Pennsylvania colonists who attacked Native Americans

Bacon's Rebellion

Rebellion in Virginia against the colonial government

Stono Rebellion

Largest slave rebellion in colonial America

Pueblo Revolt

Revolt against Spanish colonizers in present-day New Mexico

Indentured servants

Laborers who worked for a set period of time in exchange for passage to America

Headright System

System where land was granted to those who paid for others' passage to America

Chattel Slavery

System where enslaved people were treated as property

Benjamin West

Painter known for his historical scenes

Benjamin Franklin

Founding Father and polymath

Phillis Wheatley

African-American poet

Pluralism

Coexistence of different ethnic and religious groups

Anglicization

Process of adopting English culture and customs

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies

Transatlantic Print Culture

Exchange of ideas and information through printed materials

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies

Protestant Evangelicalism

Religious movement that emphasized the authority of the Bible

Subsistence Farming

Farming to produce enough food for one's own family

Scots Irish

Protestants from Scotland and Ireland who settled in the American colonies

Primogeniture

Inheritance system where the firstborn son receives all the property

Hereditary Aristocracy

Social class based on inherited wealth and status

John Peter Zenger

New York publisher who challenged the government's authority

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement that emphasized reason and science

John Locke

Philosopher who argued for natural rights and limited government