uab ntr 222 exam 3

vitamin C functions

synthesis of collagen and neurotransmitters; antioxidant

Vitamin C toxicity

stomach cramping; diarrhea

vitamin C deficiency

scurvy (pinpoint bleeding, bleeding gums, abnormal bone growth, joint pain)

vitamin C best sources

fruits and vegetables; citrus fruits; sweet peppers; broccoli; potatoes

Niacin (B3) functions

part of coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) used in energy metabolism in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

Niacin (B3) deficiency symptoms/diseases

pellagra (diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis, death); inflamed, swollen, smooth bright red tongue

Niacin (B3) toxicity symptoms/ diseases

painful flush; liver damage; impaired glucose tolerance

Niacin (B3) best sources

protein rich foods (milk, eggs, poultry, meat); whole and enriched grains; nuts

Folic acid function

coenzymes used in DNA synthesis and therefore new cell formation; neural tube formation during pregnancy

folic acid toxicity

makes symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency (corrects megaloblastic anemia of either folic or B12 deficiency

Folic acid deficiency

megaloblastic anemia; smooth red tongue; mental confusion; increased risk of neural tube defects

folic acid best sources

supplementation; legumes; vegetables; orange juice; fortified grains; liver

Vitamin E functions

antioxidant; prevention of oxidation of polyunsaturated fats; protection of cell membranes

Vitamin E toxicity symptoms

hemorrhaging; increased effect of anti clotting medications

Vitamin E deficiency

nerve damage; erythrocyte hemolysis (red blood cell breakage)

Vitamin E best sources

oils; leafy green vegetables (turnip green, collard greens); broccoli; whole grains; liver; egg yolks; nuts and seeds; high fat meals

Vitamin D functions

calcium and phosphorus absorption; immune function; calcium homeostasis

Vitamin D toxicity

calcification of soft tissues, elevated blood calcium

Vitamin D deficiency

osteomalacia (decreased mineralization of bone) and rickets in children

Vitamin D best sources

primary source is skin production from the sun; fortified milk and orange juice; egg yolks; fatty fish; supplements if not getting enough from fortified foods or sun

Vitamin B12 function

energy metabolism; art of coenzymes needed in new cell synthesis; maintains nerve cells; red blood cell formation

Vitamin B12 Toxicity

none

Vitamin B12 deficiency

pernicious anemia (megaloblastic anemia); fatigue; peripheral nerve damage and paralysis; sore tongue

Vitamin B12 best sources

animal foods (meat, fish, poultry, milk, cheese, eggs); fortified cereals

Vitamin K functions

blood clotting; production of osteocalcin, prothrombin to thrombin

Vitamin K toxicity

interference with blood thinning medication

Vitamin K deficiency

hemorrhaging

Vitamin K best sources

bacterial synthesis in the large intestine; dark leafy green vegetables; collard greens, turnip greens, kale, cruciferous vegetables (cabbage and broccoli), liver, fortified milk

Riboflavin (B2) function

part of coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide) used in energy metabolism in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Kredbs cycle)

Riboflavin (B2) deficiency

inflammation of mouth, eyelids, skin,

Riboflavin (B2) toxicity

none known

Riboflavin (B2) best sources

milk foods (milk, yogurt, cheese); whole and fortified grains; liver

beta-carotene function

vitamin A precursor; anti-oxidant

beta-carotene toxicity

orange skin

beta-carotene deficiency

no known symptoms

beta-carotene best sources

carrots; red and yellow sweet peppers; sweet potatoes; dark leafy green; apricots; cantaloupe; pumpkin

Thiamin (Vitamin B1) Function

part of the coenzyme TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate) used in energy metabolism in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

Thiamin (Vitamin B1) toxicity

none known

Thiamin (Vitamin B1) deficiency

beriberi (edema and muscle wasting); enlarged heart and heart failure

Thiamin (Vitamin B1) best sources

whole and enriched grains; pork

Vitamin A function

Vision; maintenance of cornea, epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin; bone metabolism; reproduction; immunity

Vitamin A toxicity

decreased bone density; birth defects; liver abnormalities

Vitamin A deficiency

night blindness; impaired immunity (infectious diseases); hyperkeratosis

Hyperkeratosis

vitamin a deficiency; excessive growth of skin, thickens into white lumps

Vitamin A best sources

carrots; sweet potatoes; dark leafy greens; liver; fortified milk; butter; eggs

Vitamin K helps promote

blood clotting by promoting the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

A major source of vitamin K for most people is:

bacterial production in the large intestine

Vitamin A deficiency may result in:

keratinization of the cornea

Both vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency can result in:

megaloblastic anemia

Vitamin E deficiency is most likely to occur in people:

on a very low-fat diet because high fat foods are high in vitamin E

Vitamin C assists with the:

enzymes that assist in the synthesis of collagen

Excessive doses of supplemented beta-carotene may result in:

an orange discoloration of the skin

Compared to children, the vitamin D recommendations for adults are:

higher because do not make as much vitamin D from the sun since aging decreases skin production.

The B-vitamins share many common roles in the body including:

acting as co-factors and coenzymes in energy metabolism

Vitamin B6 plays an important role in:

reactions that convert amino acids into other amino acids

High doses of vitamin C may:

cause diarrhea

Good sources of vitamin A include:

liver

_ is considered to be a pro-vitamin because it can be converted to _

tryptophan; niacin

Good sources of pro-vitamin A include

sweet potatoes

Vitamin E supplements are:

not recommended for reducing the risk of heart disease or cancer because the scientific evidence does not support their effectiveness

which of the following would you need to get on a daily basis because the body doesn't store this nutrient?

riboflavin

vitamin k

vitamin d

vitamin e

riboflavin

3 multiple choice options

Excessive vitamin C supplementation could cause

stomach upset and diarrhea

which of the following vitamins could you get every few days or even weekly without risk of deficiency?

Vitamin A

Vitamin C

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

Vitamin A

3 multiple choice options

Name all the fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

3 multiple choice options

Name all the water-soluble vitamins

Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pantothenic acid (B5), Pyridoxine (B6), Biotin (B7), Folate/Folic Acid (B9), Cobalamin (B12), and Vitamin C

3 multiple choice options

a vitamin C deficiency could cause _ because of its role in _

anemia; iron absorption

a vitamin K deficiency could cause:

increased bleeding because of its role in blood clotting

3 multiple choice options

Fortification is:

the addition of nutrients not naturally present in a food

Exposure to UV light can destroy the structure of:

Riboflavin

3 multiple choice options

Vitamin A plays a role in:

maintenance of eyes and vision

3 multiple choice options

Taking beta-carotene supplements is:

not recommended because studies have shown that it can increase the risk of lung cancer in smokers

a good that is a good source of vitamin B12 is:

milk

an excessive intake of _ could interfere with the blood thinning medication coumadin (warfarin)

collard greens and spinach

Vitamin K plays a role in:

the synthesis of several bone proteins

which of the following would be a good source of niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin?

cheese

blueberries

bread

strawberries

bread

3 multiple choice options

a blood pressure reading of 140/80 mmHg should be diagnosed as:

stage 1 hypertension

When the body is dehydrated antidiuretic hormone is secreted by the:

pituitary gland and signals the kidneys to retain more water

3 multiple choice options

A diet high in _____ and low in _____ may help lower blood pressure

potassium and sodium

aldosterone increases _ in response to _

sodium retention; dehydration

bottled water is:

regulated by the FDA so the bottled water must maintain its standard of identity

the body's daily water losses:

can be replaced by drinking water, other beverages, and by eating foods which also contain water

Excessive sodium intake can lead to edema because of _____ in which _____ moves into the extracellular fluid

osmosis; water

the kidneys play an important function in maintaining electrolyte balance because the electrolyte minerals are:

absorbed at a much higher percentage than other minerals

hyponatremia can result from:

excessive water intake

water balance in the body is regulated by the:

brain and the kidneys

the _ signals thirst and the urge to drink fluids when _ is high

Brain; salt concentration

examples of insensible water loss is water that is lost through:

breathing; tears; saliva; insensible perspiration

The water produced during the digestion of food is called ___ water

metabolic

edema is caused by:

sodium building up outside the cells of a tissue

a patient's blood pressure reading is 165/100. the proper

calcium functions and location

mineralization of bones and teeth; muscle contraction and relaxation, nerve functioning, blood clotting; blood pressure; intracellular

Calcium deficiency symptoms

bone loss; stunted growth in children

Calcium toxicity symptoms

constipation; increased urinary stone formation

calcium food sources

milk, cheese, yogurt, ice cream, calcium fortified foods, kale, turnip greens, collard greens, fish with edible bones

Phosphorus functions and location

mineralization of bones and teeth; part of phospholipids, energy cycles (ATP); intracellular

Phosphorus deficiency symptoms

muscular weakness, bone pain (deficiency is rare)

phosphorus toxicity symptoms

calcification of soft tissues

phosphorus food sources

all animal foods (meat, fish, poultry, eggs)

fluoride functions and location

maintains healthy bones (plays a role in bone turnover); tooth development; helps teeth resist decay; extracellular

Fluoride deficiency symptoms

tooth decay