Biological Science Exam Review

These flashcards cover vocabulary and key concepts essential for understanding biological science topics related to genetics, cell biology, body systems, and classification of living organisms.

Chromosome

A rod-shaped structure made up of protein and DNA that carries genetic information.

Gene

A segment of DNA that codes for an inherited trait.

Diploid cell

A cell that contains a pair of each kind of chromosome.

Haploid cell

A cell with only one chromosome of each type, containing half the chromosome number of the diploid cell.

Mutation

Any change that occurs in DNA or a chromosome.

Down syndrome

A genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, leading to distinctive physical characteristics and some mental disabilities.

Nucleic acids

Biomolecules essential for all known forms of life, primarily DNA and RNA.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecule that stores genetic information and describes how to replicate itself.

RNA

Ribonucleic acid, which works with DNA to direct the building of proteins.

Interphase

The longest phase of the cell cycle during which the cell prepares for division.

Mitosis

A type of nuclear division that results in two genetically identical diploid daughter cells.

Meiosis

A type of nuclear division that results in four genetically different haploid daughter cells.

Homeostasis

The ability of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions despite changes in the external environment.

Organ system

A group of organs working together to perform a specific function.

Excretory system

The organ system responsible for the removal of waste products from the body.

Respiratory system

The organ system responsible for gas exchange between an organism and its environment.

Circulatory system

The body’s transport network that carries nutrients, gases, and waste products.

Nervous system

The system that receives and processes information from the environment and coordinates a response.

Skeletal system

The system that provides structural support, allows movement, and protects internal organs.

Muscular system

The system responsible for movement, posture maintenance, and regulating body temperature.

Endocrine system

The system of glands that secrete hormones to regulate body processes.

Pathogen

Any virus or microorganism that can cause disease in another living organism.

Taxonomy

The scientific system of naming and classifying organisms.

Classification

The process of arranging organisms into groups based on similarities.