History Unit 2 Nationalism

Major Effects of WWI on People of the World 

 loss of life, growth of trauma, economic hardship (great depression), political instability (empires overthrown), and social change, leading many to lose faith in governments and traditional values..

Self-Determination -

Idea that a mature group of people should have the power to make their own nations decisions 

Colonization -

wanting their own country to control more of the world and establish colonies

Cultural Independence -

People wanted to protected their culture

Imperialism -

european powers saw each other expanding and gaining global influence, trade, power and money and this lead to them taking territory

Common Regional Themes After WWI

• People were inspired by self-determination

• wanted freedom from colonization.

• The lower classes protested inequality

• Economies struggled due to war debt

• people resisted Western manipulation through both peaceful protest and nationalist movements.

Life Under Porfirio Díaz 

• Mexico enjoyed peace and economic growth under Díaz, who welcomed foreign investors to develop mines, railroads, and oil industries.

• benefited only a small elite

• Most Mexicans, who were mestizos or Indian peasants, lived in poverty and worked on large plantations (haciendas) owned by the wealthy.

Causes of the Mexican Revolution -

• Resentment of foreign companies

• social inequality

• land loss

• Díaz’s dictatorship

• lack of democracy.

• Peasants demanded land reform,

• workers wanted labor rights,

• and the middle class sought democratic change.

Effects of the Mexican Revolution -

• Over one million people died

• the economy was devastated

• Díaz resigned after 30 years in power

• The 1917 Constitution introduced land reform, labor, rights, and restrictions on foreign ownershim

• change came slowly.

Key Figures in the Mexican Revolution -

• Madero called for democracy against Díaz

• Villa fought for the poor in northern Mexico

• Zapata fought for land reform for peasants

• Carranza took power after Díaz and helped create the 1917 Constitution.

Constitution of 1917

• Addressed land, religion, and labor issues.

• It broke up large estate

• restricted foreign land ownership

• did not allowed government takeover of natural resources

• guaranteed labor rights

• expanded women’s rights such as equal pay.

PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party)

• united various groups—business leaders, peasants, workers, and the military—under one party.

• It suppressed opposition,

• maintained power,

• brought political stability,

• gradually implementing reforms and dominating Mexican politics for decades.

Forms of nationalism in mexico

• Economic nationalism: Mexico took control of its own industries and resources, such as nationalizing oil.

  Cultural nationalism: Artists like Diego Rivera celebrated Mexican identity through mural painting.

  Political nationalism: The government sought to reduce foreign influence and strengthen Mexico’s sovereignty.

Good Neighbor Policy

• U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt promised not to interfere in Latin American affairs.

• supported Mexico’s nationalization of its oil companies.

• This improved U.S.–Latin American relations and strengthened regional nationalism.

Life Under Colonial Rule in Africa 

• Africans were discriminated against through laws reserving better jobs and land for whites.

• forced off fertile land and made to live on poor reserves.

• Many worked on plantations or in mines for low wages and faced travel restrictions enforced by identification passes.

• Violence and police force maintained colonial control.

Causes of African Nationalism

• Africans were angered by racial inequality, exploitation, and loss of land.

• Many had fought for colonial powers in WWI hoping for more rights but were denied them.

• Pan-Africanism and Negritude movements promoted pride in African heritage and unity against colonialism.

Effects of African Nationalism

• Europeans increased their control in some area; the apartheid system was adopted in south africa

• The african nation congress protested unfair laws

• Egypt gained independence

Apartheid

• A system of racial segregation in South Africa that:

  • enforced separation between races

  • restricted land ownership for non-whites

  • banned interracial marriage

  • required Black South Africans to carry identification passes.

  • Resistance was punished by imprisonment or violence.

African National Congress (ANC)

• A political organization formed to protest racial discrimination and campaign for the rights of Black South Africans.

• central in the fight against apartheid and for independence.

Pan-Africanism

• A movement promoting unity among Africans and people of African descent worldwide to fight colonialism and racism. 

• it inspired independence movements across Africa.

Key African Leaders

• W.E.B. DuBois organized the Pan-African Congress;

• Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican, demanded the end of colonial rule;

• Leopold Senghor rejected racist colonial ideas and became Senegal’s first president;

• Nelson Mandela fought apartheid, was imprisoned, and later became South Africa’s first Black president.

Pan-Arabism

• A nationalist movement to unite Arab people under shared lled by the Hashemite family in the early 1900s. It was strengthened by resentment of Ottoman and European control.

Armenian Genocide

• During WWI, Ottoman rulers killed about 1.5 million Armenians, accusing them of siding with Russia.

Arab Reaction to the Paris Peace Conference

• Arabs who fought for the Allies expected independence but were excluded from the conference and denied promises made by Britain, leading to anger and mistrust.

McMahon Letter

• Correspondence between Britain and the Sherif of Mecca in which Britain promised to support Arab independence and protect holy cities in return for Arab support against the Ottoman Empire.

Sykes–Picot Agreement

• A secret 1916 agreement between Britain and France to divide Ottoman lands into spheres of influence after WWI, directly contradicting promises of Arab independence.

Balfour Declaration

• A 1917 British statement supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine, which conflicted with earlier British promises to Arabs.

• Hoped that this declaration would rally jewish opinion, more significantly in the US, so that they would side with the allied powers of the central powers during WWI. 

Zionism

• A nationalist movement aiming to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine as a refuge from European antisemitism.

• It led to Jewish migration to Palestine and growing tension with Arab populations.

Mandate System

• Created by the League of Nations to allow Britain and France to govern former Ottoman and German territories “temporarily,” but in practice it extended colonial control, following the Sykes–Picot map.

Nationalism in Turkey and Persia

• Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Turkey and Reza Khan in Persia.

• Goals: independence, modernization, stronger governments. Success: Both countries became more independent and modernized, though reforms were sometimes harsh.

Impact of British Imperialism on India

Positives:

• infrastructure

• Western education

• legal systems

• sanitation improved

Negatives:

• positions in government

• Indian industries

• increased poverty

• unemployment

• weakened Indian culture.

Causes of Indian Nationalism

• Millions of Indians fought for Britain in WWI expecting self-rule but Britain failed to grant reforms.

• Repressive laws and events like the Amritsar Massacre inspired widespread protest.

• Ganhdi’s nonviolent tactics gained international attention

Amritsar Massacre

• In 1919, British troops under General Dyer fired into a peaceful crowd protesting colonial laws, killing hundreds and injuring thousands, shocking world opinion and fueling the independence movement.

Mohandas Gandhi

• A middle-class Hindu activist educated in England, who developed nonviolent resistance (satyagraha - firmness in the truth) during his time in South Africa.

• He led India’s independence movement using peaceful methods

Gandhi’s Tactics 

• Gandhi promoted nonviolent civil disobedience

• peaceful protests

• boycotts of British goods

• symbolic acts like the 1930 Salt March to challenge British authority and gain independence for India.