General Education Filipino - Refresher

A comprehensive review deck of vocabulary terms and key concepts in Filipino general education, covering grammar, linguistics, history, and theories of language.

Ayos ng Pangungusap

The structural arrangement of the simuno (subject) and panaguri (predicate) within a sentence.

Simuno

The paksa or the subject/topic being discussed in a sentence.

Panaguri

The predicate; the part of the sentence that describes or provides information about the simuno.

Di-karaniwang Ayos

A sentence structure where the simuno (subject) precedes the panaguri (predicate), typically identified by the inclusion of the word "ay" (e.g., "Si Ana ay maganda").

Karaniwang Ayos

A sentence structure where the panaguri (predicate) precedes the simuno (subject) (e.g., "Maganda si Ana").

Diptonggo

A sound formed by a vowel (patinig) followed by a semi-vowel (malapatinig) /w/ or /y/ within the same syllable; there are $7$ in Filipino: -aw, -iw, -ay, -ey, -iy, -oy, -uy.

Katinig

Consonants, which include letters such as b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, ñ, ng, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, and z.

Patinig

Vowels, consisting of the letters a, e, i, o, and u.

Pantig

A syllable; the basic unit of pronunciation (e.g., "bata" has $2$ syllables: /ba/ /ta/).

Paglalapi

Affixation; the process of adding panlapi (affixes) to a root word.

Pagkaltas

The process of removing a letter or phoneme from a word (e.g., from "sundin" or "kitlin").

Unlapi

A prefix added to the beginning of a word (e.g., (um)asa, (mag)aral).

Gitlapi

An infix placed within the word (e.g., k(um)ain, s(um)ayaw).

Hulapi

A suffix added to the end of a word (e.g., basa(hin), gupit(an)).

Kabilaan

A type of affixation where prefixes and suffixes are added to the root word concurrently (e.g., (pag)sikap(an)).

Laguhan

A type of affixation where affixes are added to the beginning, middle, and end of a word (e.g., (pag)s(um)ikap(an)).

Payak

A simple word form or root word that is not repeated and has no affixes or partners.

Salitang-ugat

The root word or foundational part of a word before any changes or additions.

Pangngalan

A noun; names of persons, animals, things, places, qualities, or events.

Panghalip

A pronoun; a word used as a substitute or replacement for a noun (e.g., siya, kami, sila).

Pandiwa

A verb; a word indicating action or providing life to a group of words.

Pang-uri

An adjective; a word that describes or qualifies a noun or pronoun.

Pang-abay

An adverb; a word that describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

Pantangi

A proper noun referring to a specific entity; it always begins with a capital letter (e.g., Jose Rizal, Pilipinas).

Pambalana

A common noun; a general name for persons, things, animals, places, or ideas (e.g., bayani, bansa).

Tahas

A concrete noun; refers to material things perceived by the five senses (e.g., mesa, libro).

Basal

An abstract noun referring to ideas, feelings, or qualities that cannot be seen or touched (e.g., pag-ibig, katapatan).

Pang-ukol

A preposition that connects nouns, pronouns, verbs, or adverbs to other parts of a sentence (e.g., Para sa, Ayon sa).

Patakaran

A numeral adjective representing standard or cardinal numbers (e.g., isa, dalawa, tatlo).

Panunuran

An ordinal numeral adjective indicating the order or sequence of objects or numbers (e.g., una, ikalawa).

Pamahagi

A numeral adjective used for designating parts of a whole (e.g., sangkatlo, kalahati).

Palansak

A numeral adjective referring to collective or grouped numbers (e.g., libo-libu).

Patakda

A numeral adjective indicating a specific number that cannot be changed or exceeded (e.g., iisa, dadalawa).

Pahalaga

A numeral adjective indicating price or amount.

Saligang Batas 1987 Artikulo 14

The section of the Constitution specifying Filipino as the national language of the Philippines.

Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino

Established on August $14, 1991$, under Batas Republika Blg. $7104$ by Corazon C. Aquino to promote and preserve Filipino and other Philippine languages.

Baybayin (Alibata)

An ancient writing system consisting of $17$ symbols, including $3$ vowels and $14$ consonants.

Abecedario

The alphabet used during the Spanish period consisting of $30$ letters pronounced in Spanish.

Abakada

An alphabet consisting of $20$ letters ($5$ vowels and $15$ consonants).

Makabagong Alpabeto

The modern Filipino alphabet comprising $28$ letters, including $8$ borrowed letters from English (C, F, J, Ñ, Q, V, X, Z).

Manuel L. Quezon

The individual recognized as the Ama ng Wikang Pambansa (Father of the National Language).

Buwan ng Wikang Filipino

Proclaimed by President Fidel V. Ramos via Proklamasyon Blg. $1041$ in $1996$ to be celebrated every August.

Teoryang Pooh-pooh

Language theory suggesting language originated from intense human emotions.

Teoryang Tarara-Boom-De-Ay

Language theory suggesting language originated from the rituals of ancestors.

Teoryang Bow-wow

Language theory stating language comes from the sounds of nature.

Henry Gleason

Defined language as a "masistemang balangkas" (systematic framework) of spoken sounds chosen and arranged arbitrarily.

Archibald A. Hill

Defined language as the primary and most elaborate form of symbolic human activity.

Arbitraryo

A characteristic of language referring to it being agreed upon by its users.

Dinamiko

A characteristic of language indicating that it is continuously changing over time.

Ellipsis

Punctuation consisting of three consecutive dots used to show that portions of a quoted text have been omitted.

Tuldukuwit

A semicolon; punctuation used for separating sugnay (clauses).