BIO FINAL (part 1)

Potential and kinetic energy

potential- energy an object possesses

kinetic- energy of motion

1st Law of Thermodynamics

the total amount of energy in the universe is constant it can’t be created or destroyed

Endergonic and Exergonic reactions - meanings and examples

exergonic- releases energy (cellular respiration - from food)

endergonic- requires input of energy (photosynthesis - from sun)

Metabolism

is made up of all endergonic and exergonic chemical reactions

ATP, ADP

ATP- immediate source of energy

ADP- is left after ATP is used as a fuel and loses one phosphate

What are enzymes?

proteins that function as biological catalysts

Enzymes - substrate, active site

enzymes have target molecules called substrates (where it wants to catalyze)

active site where substrate attaches TO enzyme to be broken down

Be able to explain how metabolism is regulated (Feedback inhibition)

if a reaction has made ENOUGH of a product the products can act as an inhibitor to STOP the enzyme from making more

Competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors

competitive- compete for enzyme site BLOCK substrate

non-competitive- change shape of enzyme active site no longer FITS substrate

Know the equation for cellular respiration. What are the reactants and products?

C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP (energy)

3 stages of cellular respiration in order

1. glycolysis

2. citric acid cycle

3. oxidative phosphorylation

What happens during each stage?

glycolysis- glucose to pyruvate

citric acid cycle - (IN MITOCHONDRIA) breaks down pyruvate, CO2 relseased, electrons carried to next stage

oxidative phosphorylation- (INNER mitochondria) electrons through transport chain release energy, water formed

Electron carriers

NADH and FADH2

Which organelle is involved in cellular respiration?

mitochondrion

Glycolysis

glucose to pyruvate

Compare fermentation and cellular respiration. Which produces more ATP?

Cellular respiration

Lactic acid fermentation vs alcohol fermentation

LAF- lactate and 2 ATP our muscles can do it and can be used to make dairy

AF- ethanol, CO2, and 2 ATP, yeasts do AF to make alc

What is photosynthesis?

Know the equation for photosynthesis

sunlight energy + CO2 + H2O → glucose + O2

Autotrophs, heterotrophs

autotrophs - plants create own food through photosynthesis

heterotrophs - animals obtain food through other organisms

Stomata, mesophyll, thylakoids, grana

stomata- tiny pores in leaf let CO2 in and out

mesophyll- green tissue in interior of leaf have chloroplasts

thylakoids- disks inside chloroplasts

grana- stack of thylakoids

During photosynthesis - where do light reactions occur? Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

light reaction- thylakoid membrane

Calvin cycle- stroma (fluid in chloroplasts)

What is carbon fixation?

incorporation of CO2 into organic compounds

Chlorophyll and which colors of light are reflected?

Chlorophyll a- reflects green

Chlorophyll b- reflects yellow-green

carotenoids- reflect yellow and orange

Plant cells perform…

photosynthesis AND cellular respiration

What causes global warming?

increased level of green house gasses

Be able to label the Stages of Photosynthesis figure

Neanderthals relationship to modern humans

closest relative, interbred with modern humans

What is natural selection?

process where organisms with certain traits more likely to survive and reproduce

What is the process of natural selection?

genetic variation, overproduction of offspring, differential survival and reproduction

Homologous structures, examples

features in different species w similar structure

Vestigial structures, examples

structures that served important functions in an organisms ancestors but now of little importance

Evidence for evolution - be able to complete the table on the evolution worksheet

Innate vs adaptive immune response

innate- available when born

adaptive- built over time

First line of defense, examples

BARRIERS skin, mucus, tears, saliva, etc.

Second line of defense, examples

white blood cells, fever, inflammation, etc.

Cells of the innate immune response: types of leukocytes

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, dendritic cells, mast cells, natural killer cells

Cytokines

cell signaling molecules

Second line of defense, examples

white blood cells, non specific responses (vasodilation , fever, inflammation)

Pyrogens

chemicals that cause fever

Third line of defense

adaptive immune response (specific)

Antigen, antibody

antigen- protein on surface of cell or virus trigger immune response

antibody- defensive protein specialized for specific antigens

MHC proteins

major histocompatibility complex proteins recognized as “self” cells by immune system

Lymphocytes - B calls and T cells, what do they each do?

b cells- produce antibodies

t-cells - directly attack foreign cells

Immune memory

activate when exposed to antigen

Passive vs. Active immunization, examples

passive- antibodies to someone who is or has been sick from someone who has immunity

active - vaccination inject someone with dead or weakened pathogen

Types of vaccines

live attenuated- weakened version of virus

inactivated/killed - killed virus

subunit vaccine- parts of virus like proteins not actual virus

viral vector- harmless virus to give viral DNA

nucleic acid- mRNA that codes for virus given so body produces protein and antibodies

Herd immunity

large part of population is immune to specific disease through vaccination

Be able to briefly describe the 3 lines of defense against pathogens

1st barriers (skin, mucus, saliva, tears)

2nd non specific (white blood cells, fever, etc.)

3rd specific (antigens and antibodies recognize self and non self, b cells, t cells)