ARC 1013 Jones Final

needs
art

Architecture responds to the __________ of its users and rises to the level of __________.

geography
climate
surroundings

Architecture is connected to a particular place and relates to the specifics of __________, __________ and the __________.

Because it permanently records a civilization's aesthetic tastes, material resources, political and social aspirations.

Why is architecture important?

place

Architecture helps define __________.

Three principles Vitruvius felt essential to architecture

Firmness (structure)
Commodity (function)
Delight (beauty)

Representative
Abstract
Symbolic

Different types of architecture sletches

Solids, Rhythm, Voids, Color, Scale, Texture, Massing, Light, Proportion

Architects shape space using the following elements: (9)

Solids
Voids

The relationship between __________ and __________ creates architectural space.

Asymmetry

Architectural elements that are unevenly spaced in size, shape and/or position

Scale

The size or proportion a building element appears to have relative to other elements of known or assumed size

Proportion

A quantified relationship among the parts of an element, as well the relationship of that element to the whole

Golden Section

Known since the Greek mathematician Euclid, an irrational proportion with special mathematical and spatial relationships applicable to a wide variety of phenomena, including aesthetics, art, music, and nature:
"A line cut in such a way that the smaller section is to the greater as the greater is to the whole"
Approximately 8:5 ratio

Leonardo da Vinci's drawing of body's balanced proportions

Le Corbusier's Modular

Le Corbusier created a series of harmonic numbers: one was the average height of the human being, the other was the height of a man with raised arms

Massing

composing 3D shapes or volumes into a building design

Context

the built or natural environment that surrounds new buildings

Style

A particular or distinctive form of artistic expression characteristic of a person, people, or period

Mies van der Rohe

"God is in the details"

Shed Roof

A roof having a single slope

Hipped Roof

Sloping ends and sides that meet at a ridge

Mansard Roof

a roof that has two slopes on all sides, with the lower slope being steep and the upper slope almost flat
Named for French architect François Mansart

Flat Roof

A horizontal roof; often found on commercial or industrial occupancies.

Half-timbered

Wall having a timber framework with the spaces filled with masonry or plaster

Clapboard Siding

Wall with wood siding laid horizontally

Masonry

brickwork or stonework

Concrete

building material made by mixing small stones and sand with limestone, clay, and water
poured in place
pre-cast
tilt up panels

Palladian Window

a round headed window flanked by two smaller windows

Double Hung Window

a window having two vertically hung sashes, each in separate tracks

Dormer Window

a vertical window in a projection built out on a sloping roof

Bay Window

Window projecting from the surface of the wall to allow light from three sides

Ribbon Window

horizontal band of windows

Casement Window

a window sash opening on hinges generally attached to the vertical side of the frame

Clerestory

part of an interior wall rising above the adjacent roof with windows admitting light

Arched Doorways

Doorways associated with Romanesque and Gothic architecture

Venetian Door

a door opening with a semicircular window (fanlight) above and flanked by vertical windows (sidelights)

French Door

door having rectangular glass panes extending throughout its length often hung in pairs

Building Type

an architectural form which has become accepted by society through repeated use

Cathedral, Skyscraper, Bank, Temple, Train Station, Airport, Palace, Factory, Castle

Examples of Building Types: (9)

Need
Land (site)
Financing

What 3 things are required for any architectural project?

Architecture today is very complex

"An architect is different from an engineer or an interior designer because he or she creates both the exterior and interior of a building - not just the structure or the decoration of the rooms."

- Deborah Dietch, Architecture for Dummies

The Building Program

A client's list of practical requirements for a design project

Steps required to become a licensed architect

-5-year BARC
or 4+2 MARC
or 3+ year MARC

- Minimum 3-year internship (minimum weeks of exposure to various aspects of practice)

- Pass 7 part ARE 4.0 exam

15
25
35
5
20

Basic Architectural Services consist of the following phases:

Schematic Design - __________% of fee
Design Development - __________% of fee
Construction Documents - __________% of fee
Bidding & Contract Negotiation - __________% of fee
Construction Phase - __________% of fee

Orthographic
Axonometric
Perspective

3 Types of Architectural Drawings

Orthographic

"straight" + "writing"
depict and require measurement in two dimensions
- Plan
- Section
- Elevation

Axonometric

Good drawing type to make quick design
Easy to draw - to scale

Perspective

- Depict and require measurement in 3 dimensions (like axonometric)
- "Foreshortening" - parallel lines in the object appear to recede in depth (unlike axonometric)
- This is how we see (realistic)

Dead Loads

Forces from all the "immovable" elements of a building [weight of building materials, walls, floors, built-ins, etc.]

Live Loads

Forces from all the movable elements of a building [people, equipment, furniture, etc.]

Menhirs

single stone standing upright

Dolmen

several stones supporting a stone slab

Henges

circular ditches around which some megalithic monuments are arranged

Cromlech

circle of stones

Straight-sided Pyramids

Cheop's Pyramid - Giza, Egypt
Khafre's Pyramid - Giza, Egypt

Great Pyramid
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
The Statue of Zeus
Mausoleum of Halicarnassus
The Lighthouse of Alexandria
The Colossus of Rhodes

7 Wonders of the Ancient World

Imhotep

First recorded architect
- Egyptian - "the one who comes in peace"
- Born a commoner
- Between 2700-2600 BC Zoser hired him to design and build his tomb
- "Translated" traditional building materials of mud, wood, and reeds into stone
- Also an astronomer, magician, and a doctor
- Later worshipped as a god

Egypt - Pyramids

- Tombs for kings built on the west bank of Nile River
- Covered in reflective limestone - quarried from the east bank
- Gold veneer found at the top
- Thought king would walk on sun rays to eternity - if the king lives forever, the people do too
- Sealed the tomb, not a public place
- Sculptural objects on the landscape

Greeks

- United by language
- Founded on:
- Private property
- Individual freedom (less than 35% of people)
- "Democracy"

Doric Order

-oldest, simplest, most massive
-columns placed close together, often no bases
-plain capitals
-entablatures have metopes and triglyphs

Ionic Order

The middle size of Greek classical columns, with capitals decorated with scrolls
- Temple of Athena Nike

Corinthian Order

the most decorative of the classical Greek architectural styles, featuring a fluted column shaft, capitals with flowers and leaves below a small scroll, and a large base; used more by the Romans

Elgin Marbles

- Lord Elgin purchased marbles from Turks
- British Museum - London

Caryatids

- a sculptured female figure used as a column
- architects use images of these to convey shamed, imprisoned women to the world

Atlas

- A sculptured male figure used as a column

Greeks

- Made objects in the landscape
- balance
- harmony
- refinement of form
- not structural innovation
- Post and Beam

Romans

- Conquered the Greeks
- Brought classical architecture to Empire
- 1/5 of the world was under Roman Rule
- Made spaces
- made images in context
- made innovations in construction and
technology
- The arch
- vault
- dome
- concrete

Tuscan Order

-unlike Doric, supports an entablature with no decoration
-used to create wooden temple with pitched roof

Composite Order

- Combines Ionic volutes with Corinthian acanthus
leaves
- A Roman innovation

Pantheon

- 125 CE
- Pediment: triangle shape over colonnade

Constantine I

- AD 306-337
- Edict of Milan 313 AD
- Proclaimed tolerance of all religions

Early Christian Churches

These churches were based on timber-roofed basilicas

Apse

A recess, usually semicircular, in the wall of a building, commonly found at the east end of a church.

Nave

The long central part of a church, extending from the entrance to the altar, with aisles along the sides.

Aisle

the portion of a basilica flanking the nave and separated from it by a row of columns or piers

Pendentives

a curved triangle of vaulting formed by the intersection of a dome with its supporting arches.

Hagia Sophia

Dome
- covered in mosaics
- appeared to float without support
- destroyed in earthquake

Buttresses

- projecting support of stone or brick built against a wall
- used at right angles to take collected pressures of a ribbed vault

Salisbury Cathedral

1220-1258
Tower 1334-1380

Transept

(in a cross-shaped church) either of the two parts forming the arms of the cross shape, projecting at right angles from the nave.

Renaissance

- Mathematics, rational, proportional, universal order
- Not aspire to heavens, grounded to Earth, human reason
- Symmetry

Gothic

- A-historical, asymmetrical
- Architecture in service to god

Renaissance 15th Century

- Began in Florence, Italy
- Authentic re-use of classicism, based in
understanding of perspective
- Represent human intellect

Renaissance

the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.

Early Renaissance

a style of Italian Renaissance art and architecture developed during the 15th century, characterized by the development of linear perspective, chiaroscuro, and in buildings, by the free and inventive use of classical details

Chiaroscuro

a style of painting using only light and shadow

Brunelleschi

- Father of the Renaissance Architecture
- Symmetrical forms
- Proportions relate one element to another
- Application scientific perspective
- Employed ribs and double shells in domes

Foundling Hospital

Brunelleschi
Florence, Italy 1422

The "Duomo" Dome of the Cathedral

Brunelleschi
Florence, Italy 1418-36
-Largest dome built since the Romans
- No "centering" - built to be self-supporting as it was constructed

Vitruvius

- Wrote "Bible" for Renaissance architects
- The Ten Books of Architecture
- Firmness, commodity, and delight

Villa Rotunda

- Andrea Palladio
- Supreme example of theoretically inspired
design
- Completely symmetrical
- Elements all governed by proportional -
relationships
- Turned house into a temple

Pope Julius II

- Humanist ideals introduced into the Papal court
- Rome Queen city - consolidate temporal power
- Return to glory from Roman antiquity

Saint Peter's

- Bramante: started a symmetrical plan with a
dome, after his death
- Michelangelo changed it
- A magnificent new church over the crypt of St.
Peter
- Battle over "centralized" and "linear" plans
- "Greek" cross - short arms, equal length
- "Latin" cross - crossing with a long nave

Mannerism

A transitional style in European architecture in the late 16th century, particularly in Italy, characterized by the unconventional use of the classical elements. In the fine arts, it was chiefly characterized by distortion of perspective, elongated forms, and intense, often strident color.

Laurentian Library

- 1524
- Exaggerated proportions
- Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) -
rebelled against Renaissance decorum
- Inventive combinations of elements that
purposefully play with classical rules

Inigo Jones

- 1572-1652 Englishman
- Self-taught (son of a clothmaker)
- Two trips to Italy - studied Palladio's work first
and through Palladio's "Four Books of
Architecture"

Queen's House

- Inigo Jones
- Introduced Palladian ideals to England

Renaissance vs. Baroque

- Engage intellect
- Pure forms
- Emphasize individual in isolation
- Architecture for wealthy

- Engage the emotions
- Illusionary effects
- Emphasize individual as part of society
- Architecture for all social classes

Baroque Architecture

a style of architecture originating in Italy in the early 17th century and variously prevalent in Europe and the new world for a century and a half characterized by free and sculptural use of the classical orders and ornament dynamic opposition and interpenetration of spaces, and the dramatic combined effects of architecture,sculpture, painting and the decorative arts.

Bernini and Borromini the Baroque in Rome

- Reaffirmation of Catholic Church after the
- Protestant led Reformation
- Buildings to awe, convert
- Counter reformation: reintroduce spiritual values
- Something greater than the individual

S. Carlo alle Quattro Fontane

- Bernini and Borromini
- Rome 1634