every hard alkenes question

How is a pi bond form

Overlap of p orbitals above and below carbon atoms, after a sigma bond is formed

What bond restricts rotation of carbon atoms

Pi bond

What is the angle and shape of a double bond

120 degrees, trigonal planar

Are alkenes more reactive than kanes

More reactive, high electron density of double bond - pi bonds are also slightly easier to break

What isomers can be formed in alkenes

E/Z-restricted rotation, Cis trans- 2 of the same substituents attached to each carbon

Electrophiles

Electron pair acceptors

How are major products formed from carbocations

From tertiary carbocations - the most stable

Conditions for electrophilic addition of water

Hydration, steam, in the presence of a acid catalyst, usually phosphoric acid

Products of hydration

An alcohol

Conditions for an electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes

Hydrogen halide gases must be in room temperature

When a halogen is added to an alkene

Halogenation

How does a molecule with a non polar bond react as if its an electrophile

C=C bond with high electron density induces a temp. Dipole in the halogen molecule, delta plus atom is then attracted to the double bond

Alkene to alkanes

Alkene plus hydrogen, hydrogenation reaction, 150 degrees with a nickel catalyst

Addition polymers are

Monomers bonded together via rearrangement with no loss of atoms or molecules

Monomers are

Molecules combine to form a polymer, formed via a breakage in the c=c bond, giving a repeating pattern

How can plastics be disposed

Landfill

Combustion

Electricity generation

Reuse

Recycle

Organic feedstock

Disadvantages of recycling

Plastics must be sorted into different. Types

Expensive

Labour intensive

Requires high technology

How do photodegradable polymers break down

Chemically using energy with wavelength similar to light. Once it begins, it cannot be stopped

Disadvantage of photodegradable polymers

May not be exposed to enough light