CTL: Pathology 42% Scrotum, Thyroid, Vasc

A patient presents with a small, palpable extra testicular mass on the left side. The US exam demonstrates a Mobile, hyperechoic mass with a Posterior shadowing, which of the following best describes this finding.

Scrotal pearl

Scrotal pearl revers to an extratesticurlar calcification

A 65 year old male patient presents with bilateral scrotal, swelling and mild pain. The US exam demonstrates bilateral hypoechoic, solid masses within the testicular parenchyma. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis for this finding

Lymphoma

Most primary testicular cancers are unilateral in formation. Testicular lymphoma, leukemia and metastasis usually occur bilaterally

Which of the following findings are seen on the image

intratesticular cyst and extratesticular varicocele

A patient presents with an acute onset of left scrotal pain this morning. The US exam demonstrates small hydrocele and an enlarged body and tail of the epididymis. There is a very minimal flow demonstrated in the body and tail but the head appears normal. These findings are most suggestive of

Torsion of the epididymal body

The blood flow in the epididymis should be consistent throughout the gland. A difference and flow between the two segments can indicate partial or complete torsion in the segment with little to no flow

______________ artery aneurysms are commonly associated with pancreatitis and peptic ulcer disease, while ______________ artery aneurysms are usually caused by cystic medial necrosis

splenic and superior mesenteric

Splenic artery aneurysms are the most common splanchnic artery aneurysm. They are associated with pancreatic, inflammation, peptic, ulcers, patient with more than two pregnancies (multigravida) and trauma. There are more common in women and are considered a critical finding due to rupture risk.

Hepatic artery aneurysms are the second most common type. They usually are seen in the extrahepatic, segment and associated with systemic infection and trauma.

SMA aneurysms are the least common type, and most are associated with cystic medial necrosis

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is a common occurrence with

MEN syndrome

MEN syndrome refers to multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome. This syndrome includes tumors of the endocrine organs, such as the thyroid. Medullary carcinoma has been related to MEN syndrome.

Which of the following is true regarding the abnormality on the image

It can be caused by the Nutcracker syndrome

A varicocele is demonstrated on the image. The Valsalva maneuver will increase the size of the veins and can cause flow reversal to occur. The abnormality has been linked to infertility in some cases. It is more commonly seen on the left side due to the relationship of the gonadal vascular anatomy to surrounding structures. The left renal vein courses between the SMA and the aorta, which increases the risk of extrinsic compression , causing decreased drainage of the left gonad (nutcracker syndrome)

Which of the following vessels are a common source for Type II endoleak

inferior mesenteric artery and lumbar arteries

Type II endoleak: leak at the branch vessels; will see retrograde flow into the aneurysms sac and increase in AAA diameter; inferior mesenteric artery, internal iliac, lumbar arteries in accessory renal arteries are potential sources for a leak

A vein in the pampiniform plexus is considered abnormally dilated when the diameter exceeds

2mm

The pampiniform plexus refers to the venue is drainage system of the testicle and scrotum. Normally they are <2 mm in diameter. Varicocele is diagnosed with the veins dilate >2 mm.

Bacterial orchitis is most commonly caused by __________, while viral orchitis is most commonly caused by ________

sexually transmitted disease, mumps

Chronic, moderate congestive heart failure can cause this tributary of the IVC to be visualized sonographically due to the formation of a collateral pathway

azygous vein

Significant chronic dilation of the IVC can lead to dilated azygous and hemiazygous veins. These veins connect the upper abdominal IVC to the SVC in the chest so that the blood can reach the right atrium.

A scrotal pearl refers to

a large extra-testicular calcification

Which of the following is most likely to be affected by mumps infection

parotid gland

Mumps most commonly affects the parotid glands. They will enlarge and become hypervascular due to inflammatory response.

Serpiginous vessels are identified on the examinations of patients with

portal HTN or testicular varicoceles

Serpignous vessels refer to very torturous vessels. It is typically used to describe things that are dilated due to a circulatory system abnormality. Cavernous transformation seen with portal HTN, and varicocele formation demonstrate multiple dilated, tortuous venous with structures.

A 16-year-old male presents with acute onset of significant left scrotal pain. The US exam reveals a 1 cm hypoechoic, heterogeneous mass located between the head of the epididymis and the testicle. The mass demonstrates no vascularity with color Doppler evaluation. Normal flow is demonstrated in the epididymis and testicle. These findings are most suggestive of.

Torsion of the appendix testis

The acute onset of pain indicate potential torsion. The other choices list tumors that grow overtime, which would not cause an acute onset of pain. Seminoma and sarcoidosis are intratesticular or intra-epididymal tumors

Why did the sonographer measure the distance with the first set of calipers?

to determine the length of the needle for thrombin injection

Which of the following is most likely to cause anterior displacement of the abdominal aorta

lymphadenopathy

Enlarged lymph nodes around the Aorta, retroperitoneal, fibrosis, or a spinal mass can cause anterior displacement of the aorta. The left and right crura cross, just anterior to the aorta and extend to the spine on both sides of the aorta. A mass in the structure were displaced aorta posteriorly. Ascites in the peritoneal cavity could also displaced aorta posteriorly. A plural effusion forms in the chest cavity.

Which of the following correctly describes the difference between De Quervain and Hashimoto thyroiditis

De quervain thyroiditis is caused by a virus, hashimoto thyroiditis is caused by bacteria

De quervain and Hashimoto thyroiditis are cashes of hypothyroidism. De quervain thyroiditis is caused by a virus, Hashimoto thyroiditis js caused by a bacteria. De quervain thyroiditis is usually painful thyroiditis while Hashimoto thyroiditis is usually painless

Which of the following correctly describes papillary thyroid cancer

most commonly presents as a hypoechoic mass with calcifications

Papillary is the most common type of thyroid cancer. It is commonly associated with enlarged cervical lymph nodes, but highly curable.

Which of the following statements best describes the Doppler tracing found in the stalk of the pseudoaneurysm

high resistance to and fro flow

The body of the pseudoaneurysm will demonstrate a low resistance "swirling" a slow on the Doppler tracing. The neck/stalk of the pseudoaneurysm is normally very narrow, and will demonstrate a high resistance, biphasic waveform

Which of the following correctly describes how to aid in differentiation of a thyroid adenoma in the lower pole from a parathyroid adenoma

thyroid adenomas are hypovascular and parathyroid adenomas are hypervascular

Both thyroid and parathyroid adenoma's are hypoechoic. Thyroid adenoma's are generally heterogeneous, well, parathyroid adenoma's are homogenous. Vascularity differs greatly between the two adenomas. Parathyroid adenoma's are highly vascular masses. Use color Doppler to differentiated from thyroid adenoma (hypovascular). Another characteristic sign is a vascular arc, which refers to vascularity surrounds 90 to 270° of the mass. And enlarged extra thyroidal artery maybe visualized supplying the mass.

Which of the following is commonly associated with this abnormality on the image

A) Radiation exposure

B) Down syndrome

C) Tuberculosis

D) all of the above

All of the above

epididymitis most commonly results from _________ in males 14-35yo and _________ in men over 35

Sexually transmitted disease; bladder infection

The abnormality on the image is a confirmed, sperm granuloma. This is a common chronic complication of what procedure.

vasectomy

Referring doctor request a scrotal you asked to rule out orchitis. Which of the following is an expected sonographic findings of this abnormality.

Increased intratesticular vascularity

Patient presents with a palpable scrotal mass. There is no evidence of fever. AFP levels are normal, and beta hCG levels are elevated. These findings are most suggestive of.

Seminoma

Note the lab results in the internal vascularity of the mass. AFP levels are always normal in cases of seminoma, but the bhCG can be elevated. Most seminomatous tumors over 1.6 cm demonstrate hypervascularity. Embryo cell cancer usually is associated with increased levels of bhCG, and AFP. A yolk sac tumor usually associated with increased levels of AFP. And epidermoid cyst would not demonstrate internal vascularity.

Graves' disease refers to a type of

Hyperthyroidism

Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Sonographically the gland will enlarge with a heterogeneous echotexture and increased vascularity

Which of the following is an immune system disorder that commonly affects the salivary glands

Sjogren syndrome

Which of the following are associated with an increased risk of thyroid malignancy

psammoma bodies and intranodular flow patterns

Most malignancies invade the thyroid across tissue planes from Posterior to anterior. This produces a taller than wide mass. A benign thyroid mass displaces normal tissue, and is usually wider than it is tall. Absent halo, sign, microcalcifications, an intro, nodular flow patterns, offer a very strong indication of thyroid malignancy. Microcalcifications are also referred to as psammoma bodies (small round calcifications)

Which of the following is most suggestive of Ormond disease?

pedal edema and scrotal swelling

Retroperitoneal fibrosis is also called Ormond disease and refers to idiopathic, usually overgrown or fibrous tissue around the atherosclerotic aorta. It most commonly occurs at the level of the aortic bifurcation and extends inferiorly into the pelvis. Rarely will it extend superiorly into the abdomen. Complications include IVC compression, pedal edema, gonadal, vein, compression, and ureteral obstruction. May lead to your ureter obstruction causing hydronephrosis. Sonographic characteristics include a hypoechoic, soft tissue mass with smooth borders.

These findings are most suggestive of

Thyroglossal cyst

The CT images demonstrate a fluid filled mass in the anterior neck, just below the level of the mandible. Know that the cyst is darker gray, then all the surrounding soft tissue structures. This is consistent with fluid because it attenuates less radiation than the soft tissue. The ultrasound image demonstrates a cystic structure with internal debris and posterior enhancement. There is no related hypervascularity that is expected with inflammation. Due to the location of the structure in the imaging characteristics, the findings are most suggestive of a thyroglossal cyst.

The Most common extra testicular neoplasm is

adenomatoid tumor

Which testicular tumor will cause bhCG levels to rise but AFP levels will be normal

Choriocarcinoma

Embryonal cell carcinoma usually leads to increased levels of bhCG and AFP. Yolk Sac tumors usually cause an increase in AFP. Choriocarcinoma usually leads to an increase in bhCG

When evaluating a patient with an aortic endograft, what is the minimum increase in aortic sac size that indicates a possible endoleak

0.6 cm

An increase in aortic sac diameter of 0.6cm or greater indicates a possible endoleak

What technique can be used to differentiate a seminoma and an adenomatoid tumor

apply gentle transducer pressure to the affected testicle

Seminoma is a intratesticular neoplasm. Adenomatoid tumors are extratesticular tumors that typically affect the epididymis. Gentle transducer pressure can be used to demonstrate an extra testicular mass can move independently of testes.

A 28 year old presents to a testicular sonogram due to a palpable lump. The lab work in the chart indicates high levels of AFP and B hCG. They mostly solid intro testicular mass as identified in the right testicle that disrupts the smooth contour of the testy. There's a small cystic area centrally. These findings are suggestive of.

Embryonal cell carcinoma

Embryonal cell carcinoma is most common in men age 25 to 35 years. It is the most aggressive for testicular malignancy with invasion of tunica albuginea in most patients. Alpha-fetoprotein and beta hCG are elevated in most cases. These tumors are more heterogeneous than seminoma, and can have solid and cystic portions, along with coarse calcifications. Distortion of the organ contour will be seen with tumor invasion

A heterogeneous, hypervascular mass with microcalcifications is identified in the left upper pole of the thyroid gland. Left-sided lymphadenopathy is also present. These findings are most suggestive of.

Papillary carcinoma

Which of the following is true regarding hydrocele formation

accumulation of serous fluid between the two layers of the tunica vaginalis

The most common cause of a cute, scrotal pain is

Epididymitis

Patient presents with an enlarged left scrotum and palpable mass. The US demonstrates an intra-testicular mass that is hypoechoic and heterogeneous with multiple chorus calcifications. There is also in a regular central cystic area. These findings are suggestive of.

Embryonal cell tumor or teratoma

Seminoma is normally present as hypoechoic, heterogeneous, solid, tumors. Cystic areas and course calcifications are common and embryo cell tumors in testicular teratomas.

I solid nodule in the left lobe of the thyroid that measures 2 cm AP and 1 cm width is the most suggestive of

Papillary carcinoma

Which of the following is not a medication that can be used to treat patient with hypothyroidism

A) Coumadin

B) iron supplements

C) Levothyroxine

D) iodine supplements

Coumadin

Synthroid or Levothyroxine is the most commonly used medication used for treatment of hypothyroidism. Another option for treatment is the use of iodine supplements. Iron deficiency can sometimes lead to decreased thyroid function. In these cases, iron supplements can may be helpful. In some cases, iron deficiency can cause hypothyroidism. In these cases, iron supplements, may be helpful.

Which of the following Doppler findings is most suggestive of partial testicular torsion

asymmetric resistive indices on the intratesticular doppler eval

The most common cause for fluid collection in the perirenal space is _____________. The most common cause for food collection in the posterior pararenal space is ____________

Renal abnormalities, aortic disease

The most common cause for fluid collection in the Perirenal space, are renal abnormalities, such as nephritis or renal artery aneurysm rupture. The most common cause for fluid collection in the posterior pararenal space is aortic disease related to leaking, graphs, or trauma.

If an abdominal aortic aneurysm is identified, what's the other vessel should be a valuated for associated aneurysm formation

Common femoral and popliteal arteries.

Iliac, common femoral, and popliteal artery's can have associated in years information. Common iliac artery diameter, >1.5 cm indicates aneurysms formation. If AAA is identified, the diameter of the common femoral and popliteal artery should be measured. CFA and popliteal artery aneurysms are at defined as >50% increase in diameter compared to adjacent segment.

Gonadal stromal tumors should be suspected in a patient with painless, testicular mass, and _________

gynecomastia

Gonadal stromal tumors (Leydig cell, Sertoli cell) should be suspected in a patient with a painless, testicular mass and endocrinopathy. Gynecomastia and impotence are signs of abnormal estrogen and testosterone levels in adults. Precocious puberty is a sign of abnormal estrogen and testosterone levels in children

When a AAA ruptures, which retroperitoneal space will fill with blood first?

perirenal

The bell clapper deformity is a predisposing factor for testicular torsion. It is defined as.

the tunica vaginalis completely encircles the epididymis, distal spermatic cord and testis

A 30-year-old male presents with fever, malaise, and mild to moderate right scrotal pain that began three days ago. Lab results indicate leukocytosis is present. The right testicle demonstrates mild diffuse heterogenicity PW Doppler evaluation of the affected side, produces a wave form with peaked antegrade systolic flow in diastolic flow reversal. These findings are most suggestive of.

Acute orchitis with venous infarction

Define dings on the image are a common complication of

Marian syndrome

A Mast as identified in the left testicle. It is rounded with well-defined borders. There are internal rings of hyperechoic and hypoechoic tissues giving the appearance of an onion. No color flowers demonstrated within the mass. These findings are most consistent with..

Epidermoid cyst

The most common benign, solid lesion of the thyroid is _________

adenoma

Which of the following statements is true regarding the image of the left testicle

The hypervascularity suggests orchitis

The most common location of ectopic thyroid tissue outside the neck is

Chest

A patient presents for their annual screening ultrasound after a complete thyroid ectomy due to papillary carcinoma. You identify a 1 cm uniformly hypoechoic mass lateral to the trachea. The masses painful with transducer pressure and pain radiates to the head and chest. This findings are most suggestive of.

Post traumatic neuroma

Post traumatic neuroma is contraindicated for biopsy. It is seen in the postoperative neck patients. It may be identified as a hypoechoic mass lateral to the spine that in contiguity with its associated nerve. Sono palpation deep palpation of the mass with the transducer may produce focal pain, which may radiate along the nerve pathway. Post traumatic neuroma should not be sampled by core biopsy. This could cause significant pain. And I'm normal lymph node will usually be larger than 1 cm and would not be uniformly hypoechoic.

The most common cause of acute scrotal pain in postpubertal men is

acute epididymitis

Patient presents to the power of a lump in the right testicle. Lab values are normal and there's no fever. What is the most likely diagnosis for the abnormality on this image

Epidermoid cyst

Note, the rings, have alternating hyperechoic and hypoechoic tissue, giving the mass an onion appearance. Also know that the mass is a vascular. The normal lab values confirm the diagnosis of an epidermoid cyst.

Which of the following statements describe the appearance of a testicular prosthetic on the ultrasound image

Round structure with reflective borders in an anatomic lumen

The IVC is dilated, and the spontaneous contrast phenomenon is seen in the proximal segment. Which of the following is the most likely cause

congestive heart failure

CHF Causes a backlog of venous flow, causing the IVC to dilate. Severe, right heart failure can lead to stasis in the IVC, which leads to the spontaneous contrast phenomenon and thrombus formation.

Median arcuate ligament syndrome involves compression of which vessel during respiration

celiac axis

Median arcuate ligament compression is caused by the ligament, compressing the celiac access with respiration. The order in branches move superiorly upon expiration. If the median arcuate ligament is compressing, the celiac access, symptoms will be emphasize upon expiration.

Benign thyroid adenoma is associated with____________ calcifications wall malignant adenomas are associated with _____________ Calcifications

Eggshell, punctate

Presents and pattern of calcifications of a thyroid adenoma: benign or malignant?

Peripheral or eggshell

Benign

Presents and pattern of calcifications of a thyroid adenoma: benign or malignant?

Second or interrupted peripheral

Malignant

Presents and pattern of calcifications of a thyroid adenoma: benign or malignant?

Large and coarse

Benign

Presents and pattern of calcifications of a thyroid adenoma: benign or malignant?

Fine and punctate

Malignant

Retrograde flow in the common hepatic artery in splenic artery is hailee suggestive of

Celiac artery occlusion

Which of the following describes tubular ectasia of the rete testis

bilateral and associated with spermatocele formation

Which of the following is the least likely complication of the pathology demonstrated on the image

A) embolism

B) deep vein thrombosis

C) rupture

D) blue toe syndrome

Deep vein thrombosis

Embolism can occur as thrombus accumulate within the AAA and then breaks, loose to travel distally.

Blue toe syndrome occurs as an embolism travels to the most distal point (toes) and causes ischemia in the vessel area where it lodges. As the AAA grows the vessel, wall, things and weakeneds, causing a risk of rupture. DVT occurs within thrombus formation in the deep venous system.

Lack of tapering of the aorta, as it travels, distally without focal dilation indicates

ectasia

Aortic ectasia refers to the lack of tapering of the aorta as it travels distantly. The size remains constant from proximal to distal portions. It can be a precursor for aneurysm information.

Which of the following is the most commonly occurring germ cell tumor of the testicle?

Seminoma

Seminoma's make up 40 to 50% of all germ cell tumors identified in the testicle

A thyroglossal duct cyst is most commonly found

on the midline neck, superior to the thyroid gland

A thyroglossal duct cyst is identified on the midline neck, anywhere between the base of the tongue and the thyroid isthmus. A brachial cleft cyst is located near the angle of the mandible.

A patient presents for an ultrasound due to a suspected nodule in the thyroid, found incidentally. Locate a nodule on your image use the master place the cursor over the nodule.

.

Which of the following are the most common primary carcinomas to metastasized to the thyroid?

Breast and lung

Lung, breast and renal cell cancers are the most common primary carcinomas to metastases to the thyroid

A patient presents with a history of a 5mm Leydig cell tumor identified on an exam six months ago. What is a common complication of this type of neoplasm?

Gynecomastia

Leydig cell tumors can cause an endocrine and balance which lead to the development of gynecomastia. Any testicular tumor that is associated with elevated beta hCG can lead to gynecomastia.

Leydig cell tumors of the testicle will demonstrate high serum levels of __________ which can lead to _____________

Testosterone, precocious puberty

Leydig cell tumors of the testicle will demonstrate high serum levels of testosterone which can lead to endocrine imbalance, precocious puberty, impotence or gynecomastia

Patient presents with fever, fatigue, hoarseness and painful thyroid on clinical examination. The lab test results indicate low levels of thyroid, stimulating hormone and high levels of T3 and T4. These findings are most suggestive of.

De Quervain thyroiditis

De Quervain disease is a type of hypothyroidism that is painful in the first 4 to 6 weeks and usually presents with low TSH in High, T3 and T4 levels. Hashimoto thyroiditis is a type of hypothyroidism that is PAINLESS and usually presents with low TSH and high T3 and T4 levels

Which of the following is an intra-testicular mass associated with Cushing syndrome an adrenal hyperplasia

Adrenal rest

Adrenal rests are associated with Cushing syndrome and adrenal hyperplasia. They appear as hypoechoic, multifocal masses with wheel spoke vascularity.

Cervical lymphadenopathy is a common finding with

Papillary thyroid carcinoma

Sonographic characteristics of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, include heterogeneous, hypoechoic, solid mass with microcalcifications. The mass is hypervascular in most cases. It is commonly associated with enlarged cervical lymph nodes due to metastases. Cystic degeneration of the mass is very rare.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding testicular seminoma's

Associated with cryptorchidism, trisomy, 21, Klinefelter syndrome and smoking

Seminomatous tumors are the most common pure germ cell tumor of testes. Most common in white males age 30 to 50 years old. He has been associated with cryptorchidism, trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), Klinefelter syndrome and smoking. When it metastasize as it spreads to the retroperitoneal lymph nodes first. They have the best prognosis of all germ cell tumors because they are very responsive to radiation and chemotherapy.

Patient presents with a new onset of scrotal pain in low-grade fever. Which statement Below offers the most accurate summary findings

A) the spermatic cord is tourist in the scrotal sac is becoming edematous and inflamed

B) there is a varicocele present

C) the patient has tubular ectasia of the rete testis

D) there is a complicated fluid collection compressing the testicle

There is a complicated fluid collection compressing the testicle

And abdominal US is ordered for a patient with bilateral pedal edema. The abdomen demonstrates mild ascites, but otherwise normal organs. The IVC appears prominent with consistent diameter of 2.8 cm. These findings are most suggestive of.

Congestive heart failure.

CHF indicates poor, cardiac function. Blood flow returns to the heart from the lower extremities via the IVC. If the heart is not rejecting enough blood during systole, the venomous return will backlog into the IVC. The IVC should normally collapse with respiration and demonstrate a triphasic, pulsatile waveform on Doppler evaluation

You're scanning a patient that had a bilateral thyroid ectomy three years ago. There are three round anechoic lymph nodes identified between the mid common carotid artery in the sternocleidomastoid muscle. How are you report these findings?

Possible abnormal lymph nodes in level III

The internal jugular chain runs between a carotid artery in the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The chain extends from the base of the skull to the level of the clavicle. Upper. -base of the skull to hyoid bone (level II) mid hyoid bone to cricoid cartilage (level III); lower- from cricoid cartilage to clavicle (level IV)

What therapeutic devices implanted inside the distal IVC

Greenfield filter

The Greenfield filter is implanted into the IVC to prevent emboli from reaching the lungs from the lower extremities

The patient presents with acute scrotal pain after a 2 mile run, which of the following statements best describes the findings on the image

The testicle an epididymis have abnormal echotexture an absence of normal internal flow. These findings are consistent with complete testicular torsion.

What is the best way to differentiate undescended testicle from other inguinal masses?

Identify the mediastinum testis

Which of the following statements is true regarding the non-seminomatous germ cell tumor displayed on the image

These tumors are more common in men, age 20 to 30 years old

Which of the following statements best describes the Doppler tracing found within the body of a pseudoaneurysm

low resistance to and fro flow

Which of the following statements best describes the findings on the image

there is a hydrocele and appendix testis visible on the image

Which of the testicular masses is most likely an abscess? Use the most to position the cursor over the testicular abscess.

.

The findings on the image are most suggestive of

Right heart failure

The patient presents for thyroid US do to increase T3 and T4 levels in the blood. Additional symptoms include weight, loss, night, sweats, and exophthalmos. The thyroid demonstrates an increase in size, and a diffuse decrease in echogenicity with a course, heterogeneous texture. Which of the following best describes these findings.

Graves' disease

All of the following symptoms would be associated with the findings on this image, except

A) leukocytosis

B) palpable area that increases in size with the Valsalva maneuver

C) fever

D) swelling

Palpable area that increases in size with Valsalva maneuver

The image demonstrates a pyocele formation due to chronic infection. Note the septations and debris within the fluid surrounding the testicle. Pain, fever, increased, WBC, and swelling or all symptoms of infection.

A right adrenal mass will displace the IVC

anteriorly

A lab report demonstrates that a testicular tumor contains choriocarcinoma cells and embryonal cells carcinoma. Which of the following best describes the tumor.

Mixed germ, cell tumor

Which of the following correctly describes Marfan syndrome

genetic disorder that affects connective tissues of the heart, vessels, and bones

A hypoechoic thyroid mass with microcalcifications, hypervascularity, and no Halo sign is most consistent with

Papillary carcinoma

Sonographic characteristics of papillary cancer of the thyroid, include heterogeneous, hypoechoic, solid mass with microcalcifications. The mask is hypervascular in most cases. It is commonly associated with enlarged cervical lymph nodes due to metastases. Cystic degeneration of the mass is very rare.

Which of the following statements best describe the findings on this image

The arrows indicate a remnant of the Mullerian duct and scrotal calcification

Patient presents with fever, scrotal swelling in leukocytosis. Which of the following statements is correct, regarding the image.

Power Doppler demonstrates an avascular intratesticular mass with increased peripheral vascularity

The hypoechoic mass represents abscess formation due to the infection in the testicle. Hyper vascularity is common at the periphery of an abscess.

Patients with _________ have a significantly increased risk of developing a seminoma

cryptorchidism

Who won year-old presents for a testicular sonogram, due to a palpable lump. The lab work in the chart indicates high levels of a FP. A mostly solid intra-testicular mass is identified on the right testicle. There is a small area of possible necrosis sensually. These findings are most consistent with.

Yolk sac tumor

Yolk sac tumor is the most common testicular tumor in patients <2 years of age. They produce AFP. Sonographically they usually have areas of hemorrhage in crisis in the mass, causing a complex appearance.