Social 20-1 Unit 3

Needs

The basic elements — food, water, shelter, health — that humans require for survival.

Wants

Things that people desire, regardless of whether the desired object contributes to their survival.

Isolationism

A policy whereby a country completely opts out of participating in international social, economic, political, and military affairs.

Unilateralism

The policy of a country responding to events on its own without agreements with, or support from, other countries.

Bilateralism

Agreements between two countries to work toward resolving issues that concern both countries.

Multilateralism

A policy that involves several countries working together to meet challenges and solve problems. The United Nations is multilateral in nature.

Supernatuonalism

A policy by which countries agree to abide by the decisions of an international organization made up of independent appointed officials or representatives elected by member states.

Internationalism

The doctrine that all members of the global community accept collective responsibility for the challenges that face the world and that the motives of nations and nation-states must be respected in the search for solutions.

Supranationalism

A policy by which countries agree to abide by the decisions of an international organization made up of independent appointed officials or representatives elected by member states.

Economic Sanctions

The action of cutting off trade with a country in an effort to force it to follow a particular course of action.

Collective Security

The condition of protecting all members of a group or collective from danger. The United Nations tries to ensure the collective security of all member states.

Gross National Income

The total value of the goods and services produced by a country in a year, whether inside or outside the country's borders.

Tied Aid

Help that is given with strings attached. These strings may include agreements that the country receiving the aid will buy goods and services only from the country or organization supplying the aid.

Voluntary Balkanization

The separation of like- minded people into isolated groups that are hostile

to people whose values differ from their own. This separation may result in a loss of shared experiences and values and can harm the structure of democratic societies.

Responsibility to Protect

A doctrine that says the United Nations must protect people within a state when that state violates or fails to uphold the rights and welfare of its own citizens.

Common Human Heritage

The cultural inheritance from the past that all people share and that is preserved in world heritage sites, traditional skills and knowledge, and the arts.

Trickle-down Effect

The theory that when people in developed countries have more money to spend, they will buy goods and services offered by businesses in less developed countries and that this spending will eventually help strengthen economies in the developing world.

Absolute Poverty

A condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food,

safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education, and information. Absolute poverty may depend not only on income but also on access to services.

Odious Debt

A debt that is incurred by a despotic power, not to meet the needs of the people of the country but to strengthen the despotic regime.

Sovereignty

Sovereignty is a nation's authority (power) & the right to govern (control) itself.

Self-determination

Nation's power to control their own affairs (usually within a bigger nation-state).

Economic Stability

• Economic stability depends on a number of factors, including high employment.

• High employment promotes economic stability because people who have jobs have more money to spend.

• When people spend more money on goods and services, they create demand — and demand requires more goods and services.

• The demand for more goods and services means that employers are likely to hire more workers.

• This creates more jobs and leads to high employment.

• High employment helps create prosperity for individuals and also for governments, which are able to collect more taxes and use the proceeds to pay for government services.

NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

• Countries have always formed defensive military alliances to ensure their security.

• When the Cold War began, the countries of Western Europe and North America feared the military threat posed by the powerful, communist-controlled Soviet Union.

• To protect themselves, they formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO, in 1949.

• Canada was a founding member of this organization.

• NATO members agreed that an attack on one member would be considered an attack on them all.

NORAD (The North American Aerospace Defense Command)

• The North American Aerospace Defense Command is a Canada-United States partnership that is responsible for defending North American air space.

• The United Nations is an organization dedicated to improving world peace and stability.

Humanitarianism

• Humanitarianism is a moral of kindness, benevolence, and sympathy extended to all human beings.

• Many nation-states also take action to relieve suffering and protect the innocent.

• Natural disasters, disease, war, and conflict can all cause tremendous suffering.

• In these situations, many countries offer humanitarian aid, which may include providing money and supplies, as well as accepting and sheltering refugees.

WHO ( World Health Organization)

• The World Health Organization was established in 1948 as an agency of the United Nations.

• The WHO is an example of an organization that takes an internationalist approach.

• Human health is a concern that knows no borders.

• Contagious diseases can quickly spread around the world and threaten everyone.

• This internationalist activity provided people everywhere with more security and stability.

NGO

• Non-governmental organizations also act internationally to reduce hunger and eliminate its causes.

• The VERITAS Foundation, for example, is an American-based NGO dedicated to fighting child hunger, destitution, and illiteracy on a local, national, and global scale.

The Arctic Council

• In 1991, representatives of the world's eight Arctic countries — Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Finland, Norway, Sweden, the United States, and Russia — met in Finland.

• Five years later, the Arctic Council emerged from this initiative.

• The Aboriginal Peoples of each country were also included in the meeting.

Peacekeepers

Armed forces who maintain peace by keeping enemies apart until a crisis can be resolved through diplomacy and negotiation.

Peacemaking

Allowing armed forces that were originally sent to maintain peace in a region of conflict to use force for reasons other than self-defence.

World Heritage Site

• World Heritage Sites are natural and human-made sites around the world that regardless of where they are located, are considered important to all the peoples of the world.

• The pyramids of Egypt are an example.

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)

• In 1945, the UN created the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. UNESCO promotes international co-operation in the fields of education, science, culture, and communication and works to create respect for the shared values and dignity of every civilization and culture.

• Part of its mandate involves preserving the common human heritage, such as world heritage sites, traditional skills and knowledge, and the arts.

La Francophonie

• La Francophonie — l'Organization internationale de la Francophonie — was originally an organization of countries in which French is an official language.

• Although la Francophonie's members include only governments, they are not always national governments. For example; Quebec is a resident member.

• Although this organization was founded on the idea to help the french language and preserve the culture, in recent years they have begun helping countries in interest of supporting human rights.

Civil Society

• Civil Society means non-government and non-business groups that include non-governmental organizations, community groups, faith-based groups, and universities. In the view of many, civil society helps link citizens, nation-states, and international organizations — and these links provide individuals with unprecedented opportunities to influence policy and events at local, regional, national, and international levels.

• This idea was put forth by Jessica Matthews.

WTO (World Trade Organization)

• In 1948, 23 countries, including Canada, signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which set out rules governing how member states would conduct trade.

• In 1995, the GATT became the World Trade Organization, which includes more than 150 countries.

• However many people believe that this organization threatens national identity and the ability of countries to pursue their national interest.

-This is because WTO rules can be enforced through economic sanctions, and this gives the organization enormous power that can be used to override the wishes of national governments.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs

• Psychologist Abraham Maslow believed that human needs follow a universal pattern or hierarchy.

• It was in the following order; (base to top)

1) Basic Survival Needs

2) Safety and Security

3) Love and Belonging Needs

4) Esteem Needs

5) Self-Actualization

The International Law of the Sea

• The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is an example of an agreement that has become part of international law.

• This agreement sets out rules for the high seas — waters that lie beyond the territorial waters of any country. It defines territorial waters as those extending 22 kilometers from a country's coast and gives coastal countries, such as Canada, the exclusive right to control fishing, mining, and the environment in an area