Plants and Humans CH 1-3

First test!

____ & ____ are not considered plants

Coral & Mushrooms

How do plants affect you?

Oxygen, medicines, food, landscaping, clothing, shelter, soil stabilization, food chain/ecosystem, smoking firewood

How do we affect plants?

climate change, deforestation, flowers, domesticate and farm, establish conversation area

Green Algae

ancestor of land plants

Plants

green, chloroplast, odor, alive, leafy, eukaryotic

3 parts most plants have:

stems, roots & leaves

Stems

uphold leaves toward the sun

Leaves

absorbs light for photosynthesis

Node (leaf)

point on the stem where the leaf attaches

Internode (leaf)

area of the stem between two nodes

Petiole (leaf)

stalk that connects the leaf to the stem

Leaves can have ___ or ____ veins

Parallel or branched

Shoot

stem and the leaves together (can have specialized adaptations)

2 types of specialized shoots

Tendrils and Leaf Succulents

Tendrils

long, slender organs that can wrap around objects they come into contact with

Leaf succulents

large, fleshy leaves for water storage

Roots

• absorb water from the soil

• support the shoot

• communication (horomones)

Parts of a Root

1. area/zone of cell division → root cap & root apical meristem

2. area/zone of elongation

3. area/zone of maturation → root hair

Area/zone of cell division (lowest part of the root)

• number of cells increases

• root cap: protects the root apical meristem, produces mucilage

• root apical meristem: has the ability to produce new cells (constant cell division)

Area/zone of elongation

increase in the size of the cells

Area/zone of maturation (closest to the ground)

• cells develop their specialized functions

• root hair: increase the surface area of the root

2 main types of root systems

Taproot & Fibrous

Taproot

1 main root growing downward and smaller roots growing out the side

• turnips

• radishes

Fibrous root

spaghetti

• grasses

• corn

• rice

• oats

• millet

• wheat

Angiosperm reproduction

a perfect flower has both male and female parts

4 parts of a flower

1. sepals

2. petals

3. stamen

4. carpel

Sepals

typically green leaves that enclose a developing flower bud

Petals

color, fragrant leaves that attract pollinators

Stamen

male reproductive plant part

• anther

• filament

Anther

has pollen sacs

Filament

upholds the anther

Carpel (pistil)

female reproductive plant part

• stigma

• style

• ovary

Stigma

sticky surface where pollen lands

Style

long tube that connects the stigma to ovary

Ovary

structure at the bottom of the carpel that contains ovules

Fertilization

joining of the sperm and egg

Embryo

develops within a seed

Fruits

ripened ovary with seeds

• have seeds

• sweeter

Vegetables

some edible plant part that is not a ripened ovary with seeds

• no seeds

• not as sweet

Plant bodies

• less complex organs

• localized growth (grow at certain areas)

• indeterminate organogensis

Animal bodies

• more complex organs

• diffuse growth (entire body grows)

• determinate organogenesis (certain amount of growth)

Annuals

live for one year

Biennials

live for two years

Perennials

live for more than 2 years

Juvenile/childhood

growing, surviving, developing

Adulthood

fully developed, capable of reproduction

Herbaceous stem

green, smooth, flexible, annuals, perennials or biennials

Woody stems

brown (bark), rough, inflexible, typically perennials

Levels of Biological Organization

1. cell (stomach cell)

2. tissue (stomach tissue)

3. organ (stomach)

4. organ system (digestive system)

5. organism (human)

Hooke (1665)

coined the term “cell”

Van Leeuwenhoek (1670s)

first to see living cells under a microscope

Schleiden

all plants were made of cells

Schwann

all animals were made of cells

Virchow

first to find that cells come from pre-existing cells

Cell Theory

1. the cell is the basic unit of life

2. all living things are made of cells

3. cells come from preexisting cells

Organelles

structures within cells that have a specific function

Cell wall

• unique to plant cells

• made of cellulose

• exterior most part of the cell

Plasma Membrane

• interior to the cell wall

• selectively permeable/semi-permeable

Cytoplasm

• jelly-like substance surrounding the organelles

  • cytosol (liquid part of the cytoplasm)

Nucleus

• contains the DNA

• 2 membranes

Central Vacuole

• strong area

• contains cell sap (pigments, water, waste, etc)

• unique to plant cells, takes up most of the volume of the plant cells

• surrounded by the tonoplast

Plastids

• unique to plant cells

• 2 membranes

  • proplastid

  • chloroplast

  • chromoplast

  • amyloplast

Proplastid

• most basic type of plastid

• found in meristems

Chloroplast

• associated with photosynthesis

• contains chlorophyll

Chromoplast

• reddish-orange pigments

Amyloplast (potato)

• stores starch

Mitochondrion

energy generation, number varies by cell

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

• rough ER - as attached ribosomes

• smooth ER - does not have ribosomes, makes lipids (fats)

Ribosomes

makes proteins

Microtubules

• associated with the cytoskeleton

• transportation

Intercellular spaces

• spaces between cells

• gas exchange

• found more in mature plant parts than in meristematic areas

Plant Cell Types

• Parenchyma cells

• Collenchyma cells

• Sclerenchyma cells

Parenchyma cells

• living at maturity

• associated with meristematic areas, storage and photosythesizing areas

• have a primary cell wall

Collenchyma cells

• living at maturity

• thickened at the corners of the primary cell wall

Sclerenchyma cells

• dead at maturity

• has a secondary cell wall (to the inside)

• still has a primary cell wall

• 2 types →

  • fibers

  • sclereids (peach pit)

Tissues

Epidermis and Vascular

Epidermis

outermost layer of plant parts

• cuticle

• stomata

• guard cells

• trichomes

Cuticle

waxy coating on the epidermis

Stomata

openings for gas exchange

Guard cells

pair of cells surrounding stomata that control its opening/closing

Trichomes

hairlike projections on plant surfaces

Vascular tissues

• xylem

• phloem

Xylem

transports water

Phloem

transports sugars/nutrients

There is more stomata on the ___ leaf surface than the ___ leaf surface

lower, upper

Mesophyll

interior of a leaf

• palisade

• spongy

Palisade mesophyll

columns rich in chloroplasts

Spongy mesophyll

lots of open spaces for gas exchange (swiss cheese)

Wood

• secondary xylem

• annual tree/growth rings

Early wood/Spring wood

• conditions more favorable (more water)

• wide band

• bigger cells that are not densely packed

Late wood/Summer wood

• conditions less favorable (less water)

• narrow band

• smaller cells that are densely packed

Heartwood

innermost area, darker, does not conduct water, contains antimircrobial compounds

Sapwood

lighter, still able to conduct water, outermost layer

Monocotyledons (monocots)

• grass, rice, wheat, corn, millet, sugarcane, oat

• 1 cotyledon

• floral parts in multiples of 3

• parallel veins

• roots: vascular bundles/tissues arranged in a ring

• veins: scattered vascular bundles/tissues

Dicotyledons (dicots)

• oak tree, roses, peas, beans, tomatoes, grapes

• 2 cotyledon

• floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5

• branched veins

• roots: x-shaped xylem with phloem in between

• stems: vascular bundles/tissues arranged in a ring