Educational policies
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1
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1944 Butler Education Act (Conservative Govt 1909-1997)
→ Tripartite system
* Grammar schools (mostly m/c, exams, etc.)
* Secondary Modern (mostly w/c, no exams)
* Technical Schools (mostly w/c, aimed at manual professions)
→ 11+ exam
* Grammar schools (mostly m/c, exams, etc.)
* Secondary Modern (mostly w/c, no exams)
* Technical Schools (mostly w/c, aimed at manual professions)
→ 11+ exam
2
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Evaluation of the Butler Education Act
→ Only 2 types of schools acc built (grammar/sec mod)
→ Not seen as equal, grammar seen as ‘better’
→ Secondary modern was primarily w/c, no exams so limited their opportunities
→ Not seen as equal, grammar seen as ‘better’
→ Secondary modern was primarily w/c, no exams so limited their opportunities
3
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Who benefitted from the tripartite system?
→ M/c boys
* Fewer grammar schools for girls
* Higher pass rate for girls in the 11+
* Easier for m/c to pass as they had access to better resources
* Fewer grammar schools for girls
* Higher pass rate for girls in the 11+
* Easier for m/c to pass as they had access to better resources
4
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Comprehensives 1966 (Conservative Govt. 1909-97)
→ All pupils would attend their local comprehensive school
5
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Evaluation of comprehensives
→ Not all areas ‘went comprehensive’
→ Setting and streaming in these schools
→ Claims it would lower educational standards
→ Setting and streaming in these schools
→ Claims it would lower educational standards
6
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Who benefitted from comprehensives?
→ W/c students had more equal chance
→ BUT m/c still benefitted from setting/streaming
→ BUT m/c still benefitted from setting/streaming
7
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Education Reform Act 1988 (Conservative Govt 1909-97)
→ ==**Marketisation/parentocracy**==; league tables, SATs, formula funding, OFSTED, open enrolment
→ ==**Curriculum reforms**==; National Curriculum, Modular GCSEs, coursework
→ ==**Curriculum reforms**==; National Curriculum, Modular GCSEs, coursework
8
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Evaluation of the Ed Reform Act 1988
→ League tables led to ==**cream-skimming**== + ==**educational triage**==
→ Not all parents have equal power to make choices (==**myth of parentocracy**==)
→ Not all parents have equal power to make choices (==**myth of parentocracy**==)
9
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Who benefitted from the EdReform Act 1988
→ M/c parents had ==**cultural/economic capital**== to make best choices
* ^^**Gerwitz**^^; skilled choosers (m/c) vs disconnected local choosers (w/c)
→ Girls benefitted from National Curriculum/coursework
→ Ethnic minorities had **ethnocentric curriculum**
* ^^**Gerwitz**^^; skilled choosers (m/c) vs disconnected local choosers (w/c)
→ Girls benefitted from National Curriculum/coursework
→ Ethnic minorities had **ethnocentric curriculum**
10
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Labour govt 1997-2010
→ ==**Continued marketisation**==; specialist schools/academies to increase choice, uni tuition fees
→ ==**Curriculum reform**==; Curriculum 2000, AS/A2 exams
→ ==**Compensatory education**==; Education Action Zones, EMA for post-16 education, Aim Higher, SureStart
→ ==**Curriculum reform**==; Curriculum 2000, AS/A2 exams
→ ==**Compensatory education**==; Education Action Zones, EMA for post-16 education, Aim Higher, SureStart
11
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Evaluation of labour policies
→ Contradictory
* EMAs helped low income students stay in school, but also introduced fees for higher education
→ Mixed evidence on whether or not academies have raised standards
* EMAs helped low income students stay in school, but also introduced fees for higher education
→ Mixed evidence on whether or not academies have raised standards
12
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Who benefitted from labour’s policies?
→ M/c still benefitted from marketisation policies
→ BUT helped increase number of w/c students in edcuation + going to university
→ BUT helped increase number of w/c students in edcuation + going to university
13
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Coalition Govt 2010-2015
→ ==**Continued marketisation**==; free schools (set up by charities, parents, etc.), increased academies, increased tuition
→ ==**Curriculum**==; linear A-Levels, phasing out modular GCSEs
→ ==**Compensatory**==; FSM at foundation level, pupil premium
→ ==**Curriculum**==; linear A-Levels, phasing out modular GCSEs
→ ==**Compensatory**==; FSM at foundation level, pupil premium
14
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Evaluation of coalition govt policies
→ Fragmented centralisation, with increased number of academies
→ Spending cuts
* Sure Start
* School buildings
* Increased tuition fees
* Cancelled out pupil premium; extra money often goes to electricity etc lol
→ Free schools were only really set up in m/c areas
→ Spending cuts
* Sure Start
* School buildings
* Increased tuition fees
* Cancelled out pupil premium; extra money often goes to electricity etc lol
→ Free schools were only really set up in m/c areas
15
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Who benefits from the Coalition govt’s policies?
→ M/c still benefit most from marketisation
→ W/c have a bigger fear of debt in going to uni
→ W/c have a bigger fear of debt in going to uni
16
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Conservative Govt 2015-now
→ Increase in multi-academy trusts
→ Primary schools becoming academies
→ Bringing back vocational education (shows influence of ^^**New Right**^^**)**; **T-Levels**
→ Primary schools becoming academies
→ Bringing back vocational education (shows influence of ^^**New Right**^^**)**; **T-Levels**
17
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Who benefits from conservative govt modern policies?
M/c benefits from marketisation
W/c may benefit from vocational education?
W/c may benefit from vocational education?