APUSH period 1 study guide

all the things on the study guide with answers!!!

maize

• main source of food for many mesoamerican peoples

• supported Aztecs (Tenochtitlán)

• led to settlement and formation of complex societies rather than nomadic societies

• social diversification

• food surpluses → population booms

• trade

spread of disease

• brought by European colonists

• spread thru Triangular Trade

• killed off most native populations and weakened them leading to easier Euro colonization

• led to most natives dying off → African slavery

encomienda system

• grant by Spanish monarch allotted land to certain landowners — allowed them to demand forced labor from Native people within a defined territory

• was very brutal and led to attempts to reform → repartimiento system

asiento system

• Spanish crown issued private contracts to landowners to use African labor

• monopoly on the slave trade — allowed others to participate in it by buying into it

bering land bridge theory

theory that during the ice age, certain amounts of land were exposed and people migrated over time

indigenous cultures of central and south america

Inca:

• centered in Andes Mountains

• capital city Cuzco

• terrace farming - maize

• connected by a vast road system

• built in strategic/easily defensible locations

• mita system

Aztecs:

• capital Tenochtitlán

• used chinampas to grow crops

• largest city

• tributary system — conquered ppl paid tribute to Aztecs

• fall incited by spread of disease — conquered by Hernan Cortes

Puebloan Societies

• 600-1300 CE

• SW USA

• lived in complexes in Chaco Canyon

• sophisticated apartment-like structures housed over 600 families — built from sandstone and lumber

• ecological challenges: deforestation and overirrigation → caused community to collapse

• “Three Sisters”

Mississippian Mound Settlements

• very fertile → used 3 sisters to sustain cities

• permanent, intensive agriculture

• politically organized in chiefdoms

• SOCIAL HIERARCHIES — hierarchical and clan-based societies → secular authority

• war captives enslaves → important to economy; slaves not property → formerly enslaved became members of community → growth of communities

• largest trade city Cahokia

• 1050 - “big bang” → major shift in ideology

• - huge population boom which put too much burden on the land; by 1300 collapsed

• series of strains: ecological disaster, slow depopulation, inc. political tensions, warfare

• sustained by TRADE ROUTES!!!!!!!!

Lenape communities

• E. Woodlands

• less emphasis on farming, but still farmed 3 sisters

• skilled fishers

• small and dispersed communities that were relatively independent

• positive relationships w/ Dutch colonists

• matrilineal society bound by oral histories, ceremonies, kinships, clans, etc.

Pacific NW societies

• ppl depended on salmon → VERY HIGHLY VALUED → built totems, treated w/ spiritual respect

• sustainable harvesting → permanence of settlements determined by resource availability

conquistadores

Spanish/Portuguese soldiers/explorers that came to the New World to conquer

Hernán Cortés

• conquered Cuba and Aztecs

• march on Tenochtitlán w/ help of Native allies

• peaceful conquering → captured emperor and used to negotiate control of gold and silver resources

• then held an 85 day siege, leaving city w/o food + water and ravaged by smallpox — 1521

Francisco Pizarro

• conquered Inca Empire

• demanded ransom → had technological advantage + allied w/ Inca enemies and disease weakened them

Roanoke Island

• first attempt by the English to settle in the US

• 1587

• colonists mysteriously disappeared

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

unification of Spain and Reconquista → consolidated power and drove out Muslim and Jewish → created Catholic-Christian state

• motivated by GOD and GOLD

• agreed to fund Columbus on voyage “to Asia”

Henry the Navigator

• Portuguese - est. trading post empire facilitated by new technology (caraval, compass, astrolabe)

Christopher Columbus

• sailed across Atlantic looking for an alternate route to Asia

• ruined Arawak population

Protestant Reformation

religious revolution started by Martin Luther → sparked a wave of reformers who wanted to return to a “purer” form of Christianity

caused by:

• corruption in the church

• printing press

led to:

• a desire to spread religion (to the Americas)

Treaty of Tordesillas

agreement b/w Spanish and Portuguese that divided conquered lands outside of Europe b/w the countries

• led to Spain colonizing Americas

• led to Portuguese colonizing Brazil

Atlantic Slave Trade

• trade of Africans as sources of forced labor

John Cabot

some Italian guy who sailed for England → one of the first Euros since Vikings to explore mainland North America

• led to English colonization

Jacques Cartier

conquered Canada for France → first claim to land that eventually became Quebec

Samuel de Champlain

expanded French claims in Canada and founded Quebec

Henry Hudson

claimed New Netherlands for Dutch (eventually New York)

Bartolome de Las Casas

• former slave owner and landowner that advocated against enslavement of Native peoples but was still for African slavery — part. in Valladolid Debade against Juan Gines de Sepulvada

Theories of how people arrived in what are today North, Central, and South America

• Bering Land Bridge Theory

• people migrated downwards through boats

Role of maize (corn) cultivation

• led to development of complex Native settlements and served as a basis for agriculture-based societies

• facilitated trade, specialization of labor, and social hierarchies

factors that influenced development of different cultures

• environment

• food source

• ancestry and oral history

Three Sisters Method

maize alone couldn’t sustain a population; led to health issues → 3 sisters: corn, squash, and beans contained all necessary nutrients to sustain a population

Causes of European Exploration in the Americas

God

• Protestant Reformation - desire to spread religion

Gold

• Muslim and Italian traders withheld high-quality Asian goods, so Spain and Portugal sought to find an alternate route

• plentitude of gold and silver in Americas — used to trade with Asia

• resources and cheap land + labor in Americas

Glory

• political power determined by size and power of empires

Why didn’t England and France play much of a role in early exploration and conquest?

England:

• weren’t really interested in colonizing Americas b/c of their size and power

France:

• focused more on trade than conquest — fur trade

• less permanent settlements

Columbian Exchange (definition and examples of things traded)

transfer of goods across Atlantic Ocean b/w New World, Africa, and England — driven by mercantilism

eg.

• disease

• tobacco

• rum

• money

• slaves

How did economies in Europe and the Americas change as a result of the Columbian Exchange?

Europe:

• became richer due to raw materials and cheap labor

Americas:

• became dependent on Europe as an economy — Navigation Acts restricted commerce

How did the spread of disease impact indigenous societies in North and South America?

• led to the fall of the Aztec Empire

• led to the mass death of Native peoples due to no immunity; made it easier for English to conquer and enslave

Spanish caste system

peninsulares → creoles → mestizos + mulattoes → natives + africans

How did European involvement change slavery in Africa?

originally, African slavery still gave those enslaved rights and they were seen as humans; once Europeans came along, African kingdoms made deals with Euros for slaves in exchange for goods and money → in Euro slavery, slaves treated like property with no rights and little chance of freedom → eventually got more and more race-based and strict

How did Europeans try to justify enslaving Africans?

• had the religious “right” to enslave them

• social Darwinism and scientific racism

How did Euro and Native worldviews differ?

• Native religions more spiritual and connection w/ environment → Euro Christianity more rigid

• Natives societies very matrilineal vs. Euros viewed women as inferior and had a patrilineal society

• Natives used their land sustainably and responsibility; Euros used mainly for farming and profit