biology-chapter 7 photosynthesis

Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

light-dependent phase

the first phase of photosynthesis; requires light energy to energize electrons in pigments

light-independent phase

That portion of photosynthesis that does not require light energy in order to proceed.

stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

thylakoids

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

Chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

electron transport chain

A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

Calvin Cycle

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars

what do cells use G3P molecules for

for making glucose for food and other sugars

C3 plants

A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.

Photorespiration

A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. generally occurs on hot, dry, days, when stomata close and the oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide.

true/false: photo respiration is not normal for plants

true

CAM plants - plants that close their stomata during the day, collect CO2 at night, and store the CO2 in the form of acids until it is needed during the day for photosynthesis

C4 plants

plants that use the calvin cycle with less carbon dioxide and instead create a 4-carbon molecule

cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

Where does photosynthesis occur?

chloroplast

Where does cellular respiration occur?

in the mitochondria

Glycolisis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid. occurs in the cytoplasm

aerobic process

a metabolic process that requires oxygen

anaerobic process

metabolic process that does not require oxygen

3 phases of cellular respiration

glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain

where does the kreb cycle and electron transport chain occur

mitochondria

citric acid cycle

completes the breakdown of glucose

Equation for photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + sun --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

equation for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

2 ATPs

How many ATP are produced in glycolysis?

2 atps

how many atp are produced in kreb cycle

32 ATP

How many ATP are produced in the electron transport chain?

36 atp

Total number of ATP produced for cellular respiration

Cytoplasm

Where does glycolysis occur?

false; it does not require oxygen

true/false: glycolysis does need oxygen

fermentaion

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

it is electron transport chain

what is the most efficient process in cellular respiration

alcholic fermentation

The process by which yeast turns sugar into carbon dioxide (CO2) and alcohol.

latic acid fermentation

a type of anaerobic cellular respiration that produces latic acid from sugar