E1: Rizal and the Ilustrados in Spain

Rizal and the Ilustrados in Spain

Title of article E1

late 19th century

The ___ was a period of unrest in the Philippines under Spanish colonial rule

journalism and writing

Filipino expatriates in Spain began to push for reforms through ____.

La Solidaridad

___ served as the main platform for spreading ideas of the Propaganda Movement.

1888, Barcelona

The La Solidaridad was founded in ___ in ___ as a newspaper advocating reform.

religion, politics, and governance

La Solidaridad aimed to address issues of ___ in the Philippines

political representation

The propaganda movement sought ___ for Filipinos in the Spanish Cortes.

equality before the law

The propaganda movement called for ___.

abuses of the friars

The propaganda movement advocated for reforms in religious practices, particularly against the ___.

Censorship

___ was an important factor in the decision of several Ilustrados to leave the country.

racist images

In their campaign for reforms, the Ilustrados worked hard to correct ___ drawn by Spanish writers about the Philippines and the Filipinos.

assimilation, political representation, and better governance

The Ilustrados used Spain as a platform (print media, networks with progressive Spaniards, masonic lodges) to demand reforms such as ___.

engagement from within the Philippines

While many Ilustrados initially believed in reform from abroad, they increasingly recognized that real change would require ___.

exile and activism

The experience of ___ in Spain was significant in forming Filipino national consciousness and paving the way for later movements.

Ilustrados

refers to the educated Filipino elite, many of whom studied in Europe

Propaganda Movement

A reformist campaign led by Filipino expatriates in Spain

La Solidaridad

The official newspaper of the Propaganda Movement, first published in Barcelona in 1889.

Assimilation

The call for the Philippines to be recognized as a province of Spain and not just as a colony.

Cortes

The Spanish parliament.

Exile/expatriates

Ilustrados that left the Philippines because of censorship, friar persecution, or political restrictions.

Censorship

Strict colonial control over publications in the Philippines.

Masonic lodges

Secret societies in Spain where many Filipino reformists were active.

1872

The execution of the three priests: Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora.

The execution of GomBurZa

This is described as a turning point: Rizal and others later said that without these events there would have been no Jaena, no del Pilar, etc.

October 7, 1856

Establishment of the Comision permanente de censura (Permanent Commission of Censors) in the Philippines.

Comision permanente de censura

This body oversaw censorship of publications, which is a factor in why many Ilustrados felt compelled to operate from Spain.

April 18, 1889

Date on Rizal’s letter to Mariano Ponce and the editorial staff of La Solidaridad, referencing the 1872 executions and reflecting on how those shaped the Ilustrado movement.

December 13, 1888

Founding date of the La Solidaridad in Spain, which provided the organizational framework for reformist Ilustrados to coodinate their efforts

February 15, 1889

Date when the first issue of the newspaper La Solidaridad was published in Barcelona. It became the main voice of the propaganda movement.

November 15, 1895

Date of the cease of publication of La Solidaridad. This marks the end of a major public platform for the Ilustrados’ reform campaign.

December 30, 1896

Date when Rizal was sentenced to death by firing squad for the crime of rebellion, sedition, and founding an illegal association.

Graciano Lopez Jaena

In 1888, Filipino journalist and expatriate ___ established the La Solidaridad in Barcelona. The publication consistently called for reforms in both the religious and political spheres of the Philippines, eventually becoming the primary platform of the propaganda movement.

Marcelo H. del Pilar

One of he most prominent leaders of the Filipino Ilustrados in Spain, he eventually took over as editor of La Solidaridad, where he wrote influential articles and essays that criticized the abuses of the Spanish friars and called for political changes such as representation in the Spanish Cortes and equality before the law. ___ helped shape the direction of the reform campaign and gave Filipino expatriates a stronger and more united voice in Spain through his writings and leadership.

Jose Rizal

Portrayed as the most influential member of the Filipino Ilustrados in Spain and a leading figure of the propaganda movement. During his stay in Europe, he wrote his famous novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, which exposed the abuses of Spanish friars and the injustices of colonial rule. Aside from his novels, he also produces essays and articles that called for reforms such as equality, representation in govrnent, and respect for Filpino identity. Through both his writings and ideals, Rizal became the intellectual leader of the movement inspiring unity among the Ilustrados and giving the reform campaign its morals and ideological foundation.