group dynamics

week 9

describe groups & history

• Cartwright & Zander (1968)

• collection individuals who share relations to one another that make them interdependent come significant extent

• sometimes share explicit goals but every group same implicit goals (harmony, cohesion)

describe independence

change / mental relation in social domain

describe group decisions

• group think: decrease expression of disagreement by consensus = scurrility to avoid risking group choesion/ harmony

• group presentation: groups magnify avg consensus into increasingly silently agree

describe group think

• lack expression= false consensus

• belief other members silently agree or

• pluralistic ignorance: group collectively pretends not to notice problem every one has notices

describe group polarisation

• normalisation: exposure shared/similar perspectives allows groups lose awareness of alternatives

• value affirmation: express attitudes extreme loyalty of shared position

describe individual performance in social settings

• social facilitation: performance increase when around others

• social interference: performance decrease when around others

• social loofing: put less effort into group than individual tasks

describe social facilitation and interference factors

• co-action effects: performance stimulated by others doing same activity (competitiveness)

audience effects:

• performance stimulated by others watching your behaviour

• contradicts social interference eg. choking

what is zajone’s mere presence theory

mere presence of others

= arousal

=

1. increase performance on well learned tasks or

2. decrease performance on poorly learned tasks

describe social loafing

• task only evaluated as a group, individuals tempted to free ride on effort of others

• tragedy of commons = lack of effort = justifies further withdraw of individuals

• effort of group size = ringelman effect

• caused by diffusion of responsibility from decrease individual responsibility

• delegation specific roles (accountable)

• personal causation ( leadership)

what is social influence

• beliefs, behaviours change from exposure to beliefs/behaviour of others

• social norms; unspoken, expected, standards

• conformity: tendency align behaviour with norms of others

• obedience: differ judgement to follow authority

describe social norms

• normative standard

• normal/ correct

• transmit by observation & interference

• can implicit value- judgment if not followed

describe conformity

• tendency to bring behaviour in line for good reason

• desire to do good/correct thing

• informative influence: must exist for good reason

• normative influence: suspect chores would disapprove if violate from

• avoid social scrutiny

what is fishch’s conformity experiments

• perception experiment

• go along with actor (75%) out loud

• responding in public with them (25%)

what is milligram obedience study

• participants tricked in thinking learning experiment

• “had to continue” hurting another participant

• 65% continued to max shock

describe obedience

• instructions to do something in for/by someone in authority

• suspend own judgement & comply with instruction

• obedience increases more to more illegitimate/trustworthy

• increase with someone close or authority