Neurobiology Final exam

Memory: What are the two type of memory, what are these two types?

Declarative memory and nondeclarative memory

Define the type of memory: Available to consciousness and can be expressed in language. (dependent on medial temporal portions of the brain)

Declarative memory

Define the type of memory: Available to unconscious level. (skills and associations for procedures-NOT dependent on medial temporal portions of the brain).

Nondeclarative

Daily episodes, words and their meanings, history is the type of what kind of memory?

Declarative

Motor skills, associations, Priming cues, Puzzle solving skills is type of what type of memory?

Nondeclarative

Declarative memory are focused on what type of area. Where is this area located in?

focused on hippocampus and parahippocampus. Part of medial temporal part of the brain.

Which memory last for the fraction of a second-seconds?

Immediate memory

Which memory last for seconds- minutes? Give an example.

Working Memory. Exa: Searching for lost object

Which type of memory last for days- years? What is an example for it?

Long-term memory.

What kind of effect is this? Subjects fill in words of things they have seen before even if they don’t have a specific memory of the word.

Priming.

What is the term for this? Memory transfer from working to long-term memory, often using associations.

Consolidation

Forgetting is a normal and essential mental process, but can become pathological too. What is the term for it?

Amnesia

What type of amnesia is this, when you are unable to establish new memories.

Anterograde amnesia

What type of amnesia is this? Inability to retrieve old memories.

Retrograde amnesia

What will happen, when you remove bilateral medial temporal lobe?

It will prevent seizures. Person will retain long-term memory, but lost short-term memory .

Loss of learning and memory dependent upon amount of cortex destroyed and the more complex the task, the greater the effect. What principle is this?

Mass action principle

Which part of the brain of a taxi driver have more memory saving and which part have just a few?

Posterior have more and anterior have few of it.

T/F: Long- term memories are widely stored in the cerebral cortex.

True

where is long-term declarative storage is located in the brain?

Wernicke’s area for the meaning of words, temporal cortex for the memories of object and faces.

what is the storage area for short-term declarative memory?

Hippocampus and related structures

For long-term non declarative memory, what is the storage area?

Cerebellum, basal ganglia, premotor cortex

Speech: What are the two important part of the brain that is responsible for speech?

Broca’s area and Wernicke’s

Muscles when you speak are controlled by which part of the brain?

Primary motor cortex and primary somatic sensory cortex

Where is the Broca’s area located?

Frontal lobe

Where is the Wenicke’s area located?

Posterior temporal lobe

When something happen wrong to the speech it refers to as? What are the two types of it?

aphasia. Two types are Broca’s aphasia and Wernicke’s aphasia

When person knows what he/she wants to say but he can’t clearly say it. What type of aphasia is this? (difficult while coming with the write word)

Broca’s aphasia

When person talks, it doesn’t make sense due to the damage of certain part of their brain? What type of aphasia it contributes to?

Wernicke’s aphasia

Are the speech are localize or lateralize?

Lateralize to the left hemisphere of the brain.

Damage affects ability to produce language efficiently. This person probably have damaged _____ area.

Broca’s

Damage affects ability to understand language. This person have damage ____ are for the speech.

Wernicke’s area

Broca’s area is ___ or ___ aphasia

Motor or expressive aphasia

Wernicke’s area is ____ or ____ aphasia.

Sensory or receptive

damage to pathways connecting the temporal and frontal regions affects ability to produce appropriate responses to communication even though the communication is understood. What type of aphasia is this?

Conduction aphasia.

Which hemisphere is dominant for language?

Left

_____ is treatment for epilepsy.

corpus callostomy

T/F: Language deficits often do occur following damage to left hemisphere.

False. Right hemisphere

Absence of normal emotional and tonal components of language is known as?

Prosodic elements

______ is the loss of prosodic elements.

Aprosodias

T/F: Deaf individuals can have the same aphasias and language developments as speaking individuals.

True

Emotions from here: The subjective feelings and associated physiological states is known as?

Emotions.

Emotional behaviors are often directed toward self-preservation and the functional significance of emotions in all mammals involves phylogenetically older parts of the nervous system. is it true or false? If so. Who said this?

True. Charles Darwin

Damage to descending fibers of right motor cortex. What type of paresis is this?

Voluntary facial paresis

Damage to left forebrain that interrupted descending pathways from nonclassical cortical areas. What type of paresis is this?

Emotional facial paresis

Descending ‘pyramidal” and “extrapyramidal” projections from motor cortex and brainstem is what type of movement? What type of paresis this movement will give? What type of smile is this? What happen to motor neurons and what will this activates?

Volitional movement. Voluntary facial paresis. Pyramidal smile. Motor neuron pools in facial nucleus and activation of facial muscles will happen.

Descending “extrapyramidal” projections from medial forebrain and hypothalamus. What is this known as? What type of paresis it activates? What type of smile is this? Motor neurons pools in ____ and activates what?

Neural systems for emotional expression. Emotional facial paresis. Duchenne smile. Motor neuron pools in facial nucleus and activation of facial muscles happen.

Which part of the brain is important for the emotion?

Hypothalamus.

Which group of the amygdala have connection with hypothalamus and brainstem?

Central group

Which group of the amygdala have connection with olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex?

Medial group

Which group of amygdala have connection with orbital and medial prefrontal cortex?

Basal-lateral group.

What is Hebb’s rule?

neurons that fire together wire together.

____ is important for expression and comprehension of emotional aspect of speech (aprosodic).

Right hemisphere.

T/F: Right hemisphere is more concerned with the perception and expression of emotions than the left.

True

Left hemisphere is responsible for ____ emotion, right hemisphere is responsible for ____.

Positive, negative

______ gland synthesizes the sleep-promoting neurohormone melatonin.

Pineal gland.

_____ hormone helps in sleep-wake cycle and it is secreted by pineal gland.

Melatonin

When you sleep, it replenish brain _____ levels that have decreased.

Glycogen level

______ system is used by your brain while sleeping to flush toxic waste.

Glymphatic system

T/F: In dolphins and seals, sleep alternates between the 2 cerebral hemispheres.

True

T/F: non-REM is an inactive brain in an active body, while REM is an active brain in an inactive body

True

Lesion of VLPO (Ventrolateral Preoptic nucleus) cause ____.

Insomnia

Hypocretin is the gene that produces the protein ____, which produces wakefulness.

Orexin