AP World History: Europe

335,336,402,410,411,412,413,414,415.

In what year did the Roman Empire fall?

ca. 476

What happened in the empires former western half

it dissolved into small kingdoms.

In its former eastern half?

Constantinople grew to become one of the greatest cosmopolitan cities of the world.

What cultural element did both halves have in common? 

Vikings

how long did the eastern Roman Empire last? what was it known as? what was its center politically, and which church was centered there?

it lasted for another 1000 years, it was known as the byzantine empire, its center was Constantinople, which also had the eastern Christian church.

What trading city did the Vikings found?

they founded the city of Novgorod

What types of invasions did the eastern half of the Roman Empire face? 

They suffered from invasions of germanic people. 

how might the franks have paralleled the Sui and Tang Dynasties? Why did that not happen?

By reviving centralized imperialized rule after a hiatus of several centuries. By the late ninth century, however the Frankish empire had fallen victim to internal power struggles and a fresh series of devastating invasions.

List three groups from the map on page 337 and one modern-day country each controlled.

Visigoths: Spain

Franks: Germany
Sassanid: Iran

Define caesaropapism:

Whereby the emperor not only ruled as a secular lord, but also played an active and prominent role in religious affairs.

Name two rulers from the Carolingian dynasty and a fact about each:

1 - Charles Martel: In the battle of tours, he turned back a muslim army that ventured north.

2 - Charlemagne: He temporarily established centralized imperial rule.

Write two facts about the Magyars:

1- Descendents of nomadic people who had settled in Hungary.

2 - They raided settlements in Germany, Italy, and Southern France

How are the vikings described on page 343. 

they are described as super violent. 

How were Byzantium and Western Europe different and similar economically.

Difference - Byzantium had money, Western Europe didn’t.

Similiarity - They both farmed

How was the heavy plow connected to potential future agricultural prosperity in Western Europe after 1000 CE

They increased the cultivation of beans and legumes, which enriched diets throughout western christendom.

Name three cities in the Byzantine Empire:

Alexandria, Antioch, Damascus 

Define/Describe feudalism and specifically the role of peasants. 

-Used to characterize the political and social order of Medieval Europe. 

-Peasants were obliged to provide labor services. 

Write the last sentence prior to the large red heading on page 350:

By the year 1000, both Byzantium and Western Europe had built productive agricultural economics that sustained sizable and increasing populations.

How did the relationship between Popes and Byzantine emperors change by the late sixth century?

The popes acted more independently and devoted their efforts to strengthening the western christian church based at Rome and clearly distinguishing it from the eastern christian church.

Who were the patriarchs?

Most powerful officials who delivered sermons

Describe the section ‘‘Asceticism’’ and the importance of St. Benedict and St. Scholastica

Extreme regimes of self denial in order to focus all their attention on religious matters.

St Benedict - Combined mild Asceticism with Meditation.

St Scholastica - adopted the benedictine rule.

Write the first sentence after the ‘‘Two Churches’’ heading on page 354.

Although they professed the same basic Christian doctrine, the churches of Constantinople and Rome experienced increasing friction after the sixth century.

Define Schism, state the year it occurred, and identify both of the modern day churches that are referred to:

• A division of rupture within the body of christ.

• in 1054, the patriarch and pope mutually excommunicated each other, refusing to recognize the others church as christian.

• They are now referred to as the Eastern orthodox church and its western counterpart as the Roman Catholic Church.

Define renaissance as it is stated at the bottom of 402:

Rebirth

How long did Marco Polo stay in the Mongol court?

For 17 years.

What years does the book use for the ‘‘high Middle Ages’’, and how are they described?

from about 1000 to 1300. European peoples built a vibrant and powerful society on the political, economical, and cultural foundations laid during the early Middle Ages. 

Write the two sentences that start with ‘‘by 1100 CE’’

By 1100 C.E, however Byzantium experienced domestic social and economic difficulties as well as foreign pressure from both east and west. Even as Byzantium influenced the emergenc of new states in Russia and Eastern Europe, the empire itself gradually declined and in 1453, fell to muslim Turkish invaders.

What happened In the fourth crusade from 1202-1204 CE

Venetian merchants captured Constantinople

What were the role of the Seljuk turks as connected to the Byzantine Empire? What was the role of Sultan Mehmed II and the Ottoman empire? What is the main country on the geographic land of Anatolia today?

Seljuk Turks: They found Anatolia ripe for plunder. As a result, They handed the Byzantine Empire a demoralizing defeat.

Sultan Mehmed II & The Ottoman Empire: The Byzantine Empire came to an end when Ottoman Turks, under the leadership of Sultan Mehmed II, captured Constantinople, and absorbed remaining Byzantine Territory

Modern Day turkey

Write 3 facts about the Holy Roman Empire:

1 - Conflict with the papacy, however prevented emperors from building a strong and dynamic state.

2 - Among the most vigorous of the medieval emperors was Fredrick I

3 - Otto of Saxony was particularly aggressive. He had established himself as king in northern germany

Summarize the full paragraph after the heading “Economic Growth and Social Development”

Medieval Europe experienced dramatic economic growth that to the similarity of China, Southasian and the Islamic World

What were four major causes of Europes Agricultural Growth?

• Expansion of Arable Land

• Improved Agriculture Techniques

• New tools and technologies

• New Crops

Write 3 specific methods from “improved agricultural Techniques”

• They experimented with new crops and different cycles of crop rotation to ensure the most abundant harvests possible.

• They kept more domestic animals, which not only served as beasts of burden, but also enriched fields with their droppings.

• News of these discoveries widely circulated throughout Europe, it helped publicize innovations which led to agricultural productivity.

How did Islamic world agriculture enhance European diets? What happened to the European population from 1000 to 1300 CE?

Meditteranean lands benefitted from widespread cultivation of crops that had earlier been dessimated throughout the Islamic world. From 1000 to 1300 the population in Europe had increased by a lot.

List four types of Urban Residents who could be supported by more food:

Artisans, Craft Workers, Merchants, Professionals.

Did textile production and Meditteranean trade go up or down as European agriculture grew more powerful.

It went up.

Define/Describe the Hanseatic Leauge. Know it's geographic location.

The Hansa, an association of trading cities stretching from Novgorod to London.

Was there new methods of doing business on Europe during this time too? Was that similar to China and the Islamic World?

Yes there was, they entered into parternships with other merchants, and they limited the liability of partners to the extents of their individual investments.

What were the three estates? Were they complete and rigid or not 100%? 

The three estates were ‘‘those who pray’’ ‘‘those who fight’’ ‘‘those who work’’. It reflects a society marked by political, social, and economical inequality. 

Offer two facts about Eleanor of Aquataine: 

• Eleanor was the most celebrated women of her day

• She was the wife of two kings, and the mother of three more. 

Define guild, and name what element of South Asia it most reminds of you:

It regulated the production and sale of goods within their jurisdictions. it most reminds of the Jati.

Describe connections between women and guilds in the last paragraph of page 415.

More women had oppurtunities then earlier ancestors had. they had worked beside men and dominated some occupations.

List five European cities with universities by the late thirteenth century, and also write the years of the thirteenth century in numbers: 

• Oxford

• Cambridge

• Seville

• Paris

• Salerno 

Describe how St. Thomas Aquinas are discussed in the context of Zhu Xi and Ibn Rushd on page 417.

Zhu xi was the most important representative of Neo-confucianism. Meanwhile Ibn Rushd had focused on developing Islam. St Thomas mostly spent time teaching Christianity.

Who was the most popular saint during the era?

The Virgin Mary.

How is Santiago de Compostela relevant to the reading?

It is a major Catholic Pilgrimage route, it stood on the Periphery of Christian society.

Who were Dominicans and Franciscans?

They were devouts who responded to state of affairs in several ways. 

Offer the names of two movements that faced criticism for their religious views during this time.

The Bogomils and the Cathars.

Did Europe grow stronger or weaker overall during this time.

Europe grew stronger

About when did Leif Ericsson sail? Where did he go? 

About 1000 CE, he sailed to Newfoundland in modern day Canada. 

Did christianity expand into Northern Europe or not? Is it still there today?

it expanded into Northern Europe, and it is still there.

Define ‘‘reconquista’’ and identify the year it is identified as being completed. 

it was the reconquest of Spain. it was completed in 1492. 

Based on ‘‘consequences of the crusades’’, did they increase interactions with the world, or decrease them?

they increased them.