Advanced Biology Chapter 45 Terms & Definitions Study Set

Niche

job of an animal + where it can survive, grow, + reproduce

invasive species

non-natives introduced + causes economic or enviornmental harm to HUMAN,PLANT,ANIMAL

Type of Symbiosis - Commensalism

1 species benefits + other neither hurt nor harmed

Type of Symbiosis - Mutualism

2 species benefits

Keystone species

organisms that define an ecosystem; dominant species that are most abundant = more influence

Top - down

high trophic levels affect lower levels + so on

How do disturbances + succession affect community structure?

changes in community structure over time are induced by environmental disturbances, which are non - biotic factors

Primary vs Secondary Succession

Optimal forging

provides most energy, least chance of death, expends least energy

Cognitive mapping

internal map

How does a non-native species become invasive?

commercial shipping, accidental releases

species richness

# species within region , more species richness = more complexity

Relative abundance

evenness of distribution among species in a community

competitive exclusion principle

2 species want same niche; one is eliminated

resource partitioning

similar species settle into dif niches that let them coexist; division of resources allows little competition

Symbiosis

close interactions of different species over an extended period that impact the abundance + distribution of populations

Symbiosis type - Parsitism

parasite benefits + host is harmed

Coevolution

2 + or more species affect each others evolution

How can coevolution impact Symbiosis?

Helps each other evolve for more beneficial features?

Is evolution is hugely important in determining ecological relationships?

organisms evolve bc they are in a environmental relationship with other organisms of their environment

How does keystone species impact a enviornmental policy?

greater value on keystone species for ecological impact

Bottom-up

lower trophic levels affect high trophic levels

Classical conditioning

associated with stimulus that had previously not been associated with

Operant conditioning

Conditioned behavior modified by consequences as the animal responds to stimulus

social learning

problem solving

Associative learning

linked action with reward or punishment

Spatial learning

use landmarks to understand the structure

Imprinting

occurs at age that is rapid of species involved

ex. newborn duck sees human before mother, chooses human

Habituation

animal stops responding to a stimulus after a period of repeated exposure

How does biomass change as we go up trophic levels?

less biomass bc energy is being lost as heat

Biomass

quantity of living material

Primary production

How much biomass the producers make

How does Thermodynamics impact community structure?

as we go up the food chain, less energy is available, less biomass

Innate

under genetic control + perform on instinct

Kinesis

random movement as a response to stimulus

starting or stopping

ex. if their is a current fish swim around randomly

Taxis

a response directed

Toward (positive) or Away (negative) Taxis to a stimulus

ex. salmon swimming upstream

Sociobiology

extension of population bio + evolutionary theory on social organization

Biodiversity

all living things + their reactions

more biodiversity = more stability

Ecological footprints

amount of pressure that humans put on natural resources available to them

High EF - mass destruction

After going through the demographic transition and reducing population growth, why might a country be even more detrimental to the enviornment?

using resources, climate change, industrialization

Why is it crucial to go through demographic transition quickly?

Economic Growth - rapid transitions between each stage allows

Resource Management - when slower using more resources for population at present time birth>death

Health Infrastructure - comes at stage 3 which is why you want to go through quickly; most stable point of human life

How does demographic transition affect global population?

Affects global population bc growth is slowing + age structure change = YOUNG FALLING + ELDERLY RISING

Demographic Transition

Stage 1 - ⬆birth + death rates - slower pop growth

PRE - INDUSTRIALZATION

Stage 2 - ↓death rate⬆birth rate = fast pop growth

Stage 3 - ↓birth rate, pop growth slows down

INDUSTRIALZATION

Density Independent Limitations

nothing to do w # individuals

ex.asteroid or thunderstorm

alter when we manipulate resources in natural environment; CLIMATE CHANGE

Density Dependent Limitations

Inhibit growth of environmental stress can cause by population size

ex. disease

carrying capacity

# individuals a habitat can sustain, determined by limiting factors

Why do exponential + logistic growth do not accurately show population changes in size?

depends on how the environment is doing

CRASH + BURN,evolution

MODEL = NOT WHATS HAPPENING

Logistic growth

S - shaped curve

gradual growth

happens when resources are limited

Exponential growth

J - shaped curve

happens when resources are unlimited

Why would a certain species only reproduce once whereas others reproduce multiple times?

SEMELPARITY - reproduce 1 before death; sacrificing health

ITEROPARITY - reproduce rapidly + survive mating

RELATE TO ENERGY BUDGET

energy on mating = shorter life

sperm low = behavior can change to give best genes to next gen

Survivorship curves

# individuals surviving at each age intervals

Type I - humans

Type II - squirrels

Type III - frog

How you spend your energy result of natural selection evolution

How does evolution play a role in K + R species

R - no role in development bc dies off

K - does play a role bc reproduction rates, natural selection to adapt to the best form

R-selected species

larger # of smaller offspring , ↓ longevity/parental care/competition

growing as quickly as it can (crash + bounce; not stable)

ex. flys or ants

K - selected species

exist close to carrying capacity mature late

⬆ longetivity/parental care/competition

fewer offspring but live longer

ex.humans or elephants

How do we estimate population sizes (quadrant,mark recapture, etc)

Quadrant - marking of square areas within a habitat + counting #s

Mark - recapture - marking them then release + mix in with rest of population

Why are the different dispersion patterns seen?

bc of resource + ability + predators

What is the density of a population?

# individuals in an area + volume

What do age structure tell us about a population?

distribution of age + sex in a population tell whether it is growing or falling

PYRAMID STRUCTURE : GROWING POPULATION

Altruism

selfless behavior

acts of care

Proximate vs Ultimate Cause

P : immediate cause

U : evolutionary explanation

Primary Succession

Pioneer species, moss, algae, bacteria, colonize the area which then leads to growth of plants and so on

Secondary Succession

DISTURBANCE has destroyed the ecosystem (forest fire, hurricane). So the soil is still there with the bacteria so growth of this environment is faster due to it already having the starting materials that the primary succession environment does not

Nature vs Nurture

Nature - how genetics influence an individual's personality, Nurture - how environment impacts their development.

What is the "sensitive/critical period" and how does it relate to imprinting?

When animal is developing + they are especially responsive to stimuli; when imprinting happens

Problems with imprinting

Will not learn the skills needed to survive on their own

Babys copy everyone around them bc

they are acquiring new knowledge = SOCIAL LEARNING

What type of learning allows an animal to get food in a situation it has never encountered before?

Classical conditioning

different forms of communication and what purpose communication might serve for an animal.

auditory, visual, tactile or chemical

attract mates, warn off predators, mark territory and to identify themselves.

Courtship Rituals + importance

Him/her select a mate + produce healthy young; also related to sexual selection

Why should we be concerned about chemical pollutants that affect animal behavior?

Influence collective behavior of groups

Why do some species exhibit territorial behavior?

Mate without interruption + raise young in a area with little to no competition

What is altruism and why does it often link to relatedness? Be able to discuss the term "kin selection".

Helps connection with family, bond is very strong

Kin selection

individuals will sacrifice their own lives for a closely related organism

Sexual Selection

when individuals select mates based on traits ex. rams butting horns for mates

Batesian Mimicry

a harmless species has warning color of a HARMFUL ONE

Mullerian mimicry

multiple species share the same warning color

Warning coloration

coloration or markings of an animal serving to warn off predators

Emsleyan mimicry

deadly prey mimics less dangerous one

What is primary productivity affect + what is the biggest factor

More primary productivity = more levels of the trophic system

The biggest factor is latitudes ( ex-tropical has more than tundra )