Chapter 4: Ancient Greece

twelfth century BC

In the ________, new waves of Greek- speaking invaders moved into Greece from the north.

Arete

________ is won in a struggle or contest.

mid fifth century BC

In the ________, the assembly consisted of about forty- three thousand male citizens over 18 years old.

Doryphoros

Polyclitus, a fifth- century sculptor, wrote down systematic rules for proportions that he illustrated in a work known as the ________.

Socrates

________ used a teaching method that is still known by his name.

Epicureanism

Like ________, Stoicism was concerned with how people find happiness.

Euclid

________ wrote the Elements, a textbook on plane geometry.

Darius

After ________ died in 486 B.C., Xerxes became the new Persian monarch.

Plato

________ established a school in Athens known as the Academy.

Iliad

The ________ and the Odyssey were the first great epic poems of early Greece.

Greek dramas

The first ________ were tragedies, which were presented in a trilogy (a set of three plays) built around a common theme.

Hoplites

________ went into battle as a unit, marching shoulder to shoulder in a rectangular formation known as a phalanx.

Herodotus

________ traveled widely and questioned many people as a means of obtaining his information.

Xerxes

________ led a massive invasion force into Greece.

Spartan citizens

________ were discouraged from studying philosophy, literature, or the arts- subjects that might encourage new thoughts.

Religious center

The acropolis served as a place of refuge during an attack and sometimes came to be a(n) ________ on which temples and public buildings were built.

Epicurus

________ believed that human beings were free to follow self- interest as a basic motivating force.

Rituals

________ are ceremonies or rites.

Alexander

In 331 B.C., ________ turned east and fought the decisive battle with the Persians at Gaugamela, not far from Babylon.

Alexandria

He (Alexander) built ________ as the Greek capital of Egypt.

Stoicism

________ was the product of a teacher named Zeno.

Athenians

________ grew grains, vegetables, and fruit for local use.

practice of ostracism

The Athenians also devised the ________ to protect themselves against overly ambitious politicians.

Sophists

The ________ sold their services as professional teachers to the young men of Greece, especially those of Athens.

B.C.

In 478 ________, the Athenians formed a defensive alliance against the Persians called the Delian League.

Athenian economy

The ________ was largely based on farming and trade.

Greek religion

________ did not have a body of doctrine, nor did it focus on morality.

Athens

Epicurus, the founder of a philosophy that came to be known as Epicureanism, established a school in ________ near the end of the fourth century B.C.

Greeks

Homer proved to be of great value to later ________.

Archimedes

________ was especially important because of his work on the geometry of spheres and cylinders, as well as for establishing the value of the mathematical constant pi.

Athenian navy

In 499 B.C., an unsuccessful revolt by the Ionian cities- assisted by the ________- led the Persian ruler Darius to seek revenge.

fourth centuries BC

In the fifth and ________, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle raised basic questions that have been debated for two thousand years.

Alexander the Great

________ had planned to fuse Macedonians, Greeks, and Persians in his new empire by using Persians as officials and encouraging his sol- diers to marry native women.

Greek history

Although tyranny did not last, it played an impor- tant role in ________.

Cleisthenes

________ created a new council of five hundred that supervised foreign affairs, oversaw the treasury, and proposed the laws that would be voted on by the assembly.

Geography

________ played an important role in the development of Greek civilization.

Appolonius of Rhodes

________ wrote the epic poem called Argonautica, which tells the story of Jason and his search for the Golden Fleece.

Socratic method

The ________ of teaching uses a question- and- answer format to lead pupils to see things for themselves by using their own reason.

Mycenaean civilization

________, which reached its high point between 1400 and 1200 B.C., was made up of powerful monarchies.

Direct democracy

In a(n) ________, the people participate directly in government decision making through mass meetings.

seventh century BC

Near the end of the ________, Athens faced political turmoil because of serious economic problems.