Lecture Exam 1

study of structure

Anatomy

study of function

Physiology

Anything that takes up space and has mass (weight). It is composed of elements.

Matter

smallest particle of an element

Atom

the smallest structural and functional unit of all living organisms

Cell

the self-regulating process by which an organism maintains a stable, balanced internal environment despite changes in the outside world

Homeostasis

It temporarily disrupts homeostasis by surging adrenaline to prioritize immediate survival; the parasympathetic system later restores balance.

Fight or Flight Mechanism

when some variable triggers a counteracting response-in order to come back to a set point

Negative feedback

instead of getting a counteracting response to some variable you instead intensify the variable

Positive feedback

Temperature regulation

(NEG) If you get too hot, you sweat to cool down. If you get too cold, you shiver to generate heat

Blood Pressure Control

(NEG) Baroreceptors detect changes in blood pressure and trigger responses to maintain it within normal limits.

Glucose

(NEG) If glucose is too low Glucagon is released–if glucose is too high Insulin is released

Blood Clotting

(POS+) When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets adhere to the site and release chemicals that attract more platelets, rapidly forming a clot.

Pos-uterine contraction

(POS+) During childbirth, cervical stretching triggers oxytocin release to cause stronger uterine contractions, a positive feedback loop that amplifies itself until the baby is delivered.

Milk Letdown

(POS+) the stimulus of a baby nursing triggers the continuous release of hormones to eject milk until the feeding session ends.

6 MAJOR Structural levels of organization

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Definition: The simplest and smallest level of organization.

Components: Made of atoms (like carbon and oxygen) that combine to form molecules (like water, DNA, and proteins).

Chemical Level

Definition: The smallest, basic structural and functional unit of life.

Components: Composed of cells, the smallest living units in the human body, formed by different types of molecules combined together to carry out various functions.

Cellular Level

Definition: Groups of similar cells working together to perform a shared, specific function.

Tissue Level

Definition: Distinct structures composed of two or more different tissue types.

Examples: Heart, lungs, stomach, and brain. They perform specific, complex functions

Organ Level

Definition: Groups of organs that work closely together to meet a major systemic body need.

Examples: Digestive system, cardiovascular system, and respiratory system.

Organ System Level

Definition: The highest, most complex level of organization.

Components: A complete, living human being formed by all the organ systems working together in harmony.

Organism Level

What body system is this?

urinary system

What body system is this?

nervous system

What body system is this?

endocrine function system

Type of Division: Vertical

Key Feature: Houses the heart, trachea, and esophagus. It isolates the lungs so that an injury to one side does not automatically collapse the other.

Mediastinum

Type of Division: Horizontal

Function: Separates the chest (heart/lungs) from the abdomen (digestive organs).

Key Feature: Contains three major openings (hiatuses) for the aorta, esophagus, and inferior vena cava to pass through.

Diaphragm

What is the difference between Visceral & Parietal serous membranes?

Visceral = hugs the organ directly.

Parietal = lines the cavity wall.

What does the visceral pleura cover?

The outer surface of the lungs

What does the parietal pleura line?

The inner walls of the thoracic cavity (chest wall, superior diaphragm, and mediastinum).

What does the visceral pericardium (epicardium) cover?

The external surface of the heart and great vessels

What does the parietal pericardium line?

The inner surface of the tough, fibrous pericardial sac that surrounds the heart.

What does the visceral peritoneum cover?

The external surfaces of most abdominopelvic organs (e.g., stomach, intestines, liver).

What does the parietal peritoneum line?

The internal walls of the abdomenal and pelvic area

standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out

Anatomical Position

Anatomical Position

Superior

Above (towards head)

Inferior

Below (towards feet)

Medial

towards midline

Lateral

away from midline

Proximal

Closer to the point of origin of the body part

Distal

Further away from the point of origin of the body part

Anterior

Toward the front side of the body

Posterior

Toward the back side of the body

Ipsi-lateral

the same side of the body

Contra-lateral

the opposite side of the body

Superficial

closer to the surface of the body

Deep

farther away from the surface and more internal

Internal

Away from the surface, deep

External

Towards the surface, superficial

Sagittal or Median Body Plane

divides body into left and right portions

Transverse or Horizontal

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Coronal or Frontal

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

What body quadrant ???

RUQ: right upper quadrant

Gallbladder related

What body quadrant ???

LUQ: Left upper quadrant

Stomach related

What body quadrant ???

RLQ: Right lower quadrant

Appendix related

What body quadrant ???

LLQ: Left lower quadrant

Bowel related

Otic

ear

Nasal

nose

Oral

Mouth

Cervical

Neck

Acromial

point of shoulder

Axillary

arm pit

Mammary

breast

Brachial

arm

Antecubital

front of elbow

Abdominal

abdomen

Antebrachial

forearm

Carpal

wrist

Palmar

palm

Digital

finger or toe

Genital

reproductive organs

Patellar

front of knee

Tarsal

instep

Cephalic

head

Frontal

forehead

Orbital

eye cavity

Buccal

cheek

Mental

chin

Sternal

located near the sternum

Pectoral

chest

Umbilical

naval or bellybutton

Inguinal

groin

Coxal

hip

Pedal

foot

Crural

leg

Sural

Calf

Occipital

Back of head

Vertebral

spinal column

Dorsum

Back

Cubital

elbow

Lumbar

lower back

Sacral

between hips

Gluteal

buttocks

Perineal

The surface area of the body located between your genitals and your anus.

Femoral

thigh

Popliteal

back of knee

Plantar

sole of feet

• Number of protons in the nucleus of one atom (also = the number of electrons in a neutral atom)
• Each element has a unique number

Atomic Number

• The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in one atom
• Electrons do not contribute to the weight of the atom

Atomic Weight