Studied by 10 people
Classifying countries
High Income Countries
Middle income countries
-upper middle income
-lower middle income
Low Income countries
Gross National Income (GNI)
The total value of goods and services a country’s citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
A measure that reflects the economic state of a country. GDP is the value of all goods and services produced in a country in a 12-month period.
Characteristics of high, middle and low income countries
economic
social
environmental
Economic characteristics (definition)
Refers to a range of factors relating to the financial or economic state of a country
Economic characteristics - high income countries
Lower levels of poverty
Wide range of industries
Opportunities for global trade
High average incomes
Primary production
The process of producing natural products for human use such as plants and animals
Substance farming
Self-sufficient farming carried out by individuals to provide food for themselves and their family
Social characteristics (definition)
Refers to range of factors relating to the social state of a country
Social characteristics - high income countries
High levels of gender equality
High levels of employment
High levels of education
Developed health systems
Low birth rates and population growth
Developed social security systems
Access to technology
Developed legal systems
Environmental characteristics (definition)
Refers to a range of factors relating to the environmental state of a country
Environmental characteristics - high income countries
Access to safe water and sanitation
Food security
Adequate housing
Adequate infrastructure
High levels of carbon dioxide emissions
Similarities in health status (high, middle and low income)
Considerable variations exist within each country, regardless of income group.
Life expectancy is increasing in all income groups.
Infant, under 5 and maternal mortality rates are decreasing in all income groups.
Non-communicable diseases account for the greatest proportion of deaths in all countries.
Rates of obesity and associated conditions are increasing in all income groups.
Differences in health status (high, middle and low income)
Life expectancy is considerably higher in high-income countries
Mortality rates increase as average income decreases.
Mortality rates due to infectious diseases are considerably higher in low-income countries
Many middle-income countries and some low-income countries experience a double burden of disease
The rate of YLD increases as average income increases.
The rate of DALY and YLL increase as average income decreases.
Double burden of disease
When conditions associated with both poverty and wealth exist side-by-side in one community, such as undernutrition and obesity
Factors that contribute to similarities and differences in health status and BOD
Access to water
Sanitation
Poverty
Inequality and discrimination
Global distribution and marketing of tobacco, alcohol and processed foods
Safe water
refers to water that is not contaminated with disease-causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, or chemicals such as lead and mercury.
2 safe water impact (on health status and BOD)
clean water is required to maintain personal hygiene and prevents infection through handwashing etc
many children in rural areas, spend hours collecting water, missing out on school
Sanitation
refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces.
2 sanitation impact (on health status and BOD)
some girls who are menstruating might not go to school if the toilets are not private
inadequate or lack of infrastructure could mean that human faeces contaminate drinking supplies, leading to illnesses such as diarrhoea and polio
Poverty
A state where an individual does not have the financial resources to maintain a decent standard of living.
Extreme - living on less than $1.90 usd per day
Relative - living on less than 50% of the countries average income
2 poverty impact (on health status and BOD)
can’t afford healthcare - more likely to die from preventable illnesses
Undernutrition decreases immune function, which increases the risk of infection and premature death, especially among children.
Inequality and discrimination
When a person or group of people is treated differently than other people, often a result of factors such as race, religion, sex, sexual orientation and gender identity.
2 inequality and discrimination impact (on health status and BOD)
can cause social exclusion which can lead to mental problems such as depression and suicidal thoughts
can be refused jobs
Globalisation
The process whereby boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated allowing individuals, groups and companies to act on a global scale.
2 tobacco impact (on health status and BOD)
causes higher rates of premature death from cancer, cardiovascular disease and respiratory conditions associated with smoking.
lack of interventions/increase in marketing
2 alcohol impact (on health status and BOD)
lack the resources to educate the population about alcohol,
lack of healthcare to treat the negative effects associated of excessive drinking, such as liver disease, cardiovascular disease and cancer.
Processed Foods
any food items that have been deliberately changed before being made available to eat.
2 processes food impact (on health status and BOD)
high incease in salt, sugar and fat, which can lead to obesity, cardiovascular disease and t2d
due to large amounts of tourism, some countries have neglected their traditional diets, which are often low in fat, for westernised foods.
Sustainability
meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
3 dimensions (pillars) of sustainability
Economic
Social
Environmental
Economic sustainability
Ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and living costs in the future
Economic sustainability characteristics
Innovation and diversity of industries
Job creation
Economic growth
Trade
Social sustainability
Creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely
Social sustainability characteristics
Elimination of poverty and the provision of social protection systems
Gender equality
Access to safe and decent working conditions
Promotion of political and legal rights
Peace and security
Environmental sustainability
Ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future
Environmental sustainability characteristics
Biodiversity
Use of natural resources
Waste removal and pollution
Climate change
Human development
Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests. It is about expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities (the range of things people can be and do), having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives
Aspects of human development (D-LEAPP)
Develop to their full Potential
Lead Productive and creative lives
Expanding people’s choices and enhancing their capabilities
Access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living
Participate in the lives of the community
Participate in decision-making
Human Development Index (HDI)
A tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries’ levels of social and economic development.
Human development index dimensions
A long and healthy life
Knowledge
Decent standard of living
Human development index indicators
Life expectancy at birth - An indication of how long a person can expect to live at birth if death rates do not change
Expected years of schooling - The number of years of education expected for a child of school entrance age.
Mean years of schooling - The average number of years of education achieved by those aged 25 years and over.
GNI per capita - The total value of goods and services a country’s citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country
Advantages of HDI
Widespread use makes it easier to compare development levels
considers many different factors apart from just economic dev
Limitations of HDI
focuses on 3 basic dimensions of HD, and doesn't take into account other important dimensions such as quality of employment, gender equality etc
doesn't measure unequal distribution within a country
Climate change
refers to the increase in the earth's average surface temperature.
Effects of climate change
Increased global temperatures
Melting polar ice caps
Rising sea levels
Greater storm damage
Increased ocean temperatures
More frequent and stronger storms
Increased rainfall during extreme weather events
Increased flooding and weather damage
Increased severity and regularity of heat waves and bushfires
Loss of homes, habitat and human lives
Impact of rising sea levels
Forced relocation of people living in coastal areas
Reduction in the availability of fresh water
Reduced availability of food
Changes in biodiversity
Changing weather patterns and extreme weather events
More infectious diseases
Increased BOD from CVD and athsma
Increased homelessness
Less food and increased hunger and undernutrition
Less access to fresh water
Conflict
a violent situation or period of fighting
Displaced people
Those who are forced to leave their home because of war or persecution
2 conflict impact (on health status and BOD)
living in fear and being concerned for themselves and their families
physical environment can be destroyed, which can limit access to supplies such as food and water and services such as healthcare.
Mass migration
when a large number of people move from on geographical location/area to another.
Migration
refers to when a person or group of people move across an international border, or within a state, in order to re-settle there
Refugees
People who have fled their country and crossed an international border to find safety in another country
Asylum seekers
People who have fled their country but for whom their request for protection in another country has yet to be processed.
Internally displaced persons
People who have been forced to leave their home but have not crossed a border to find safety
Stateless persons
People who do not have the nationality of any country and are therefore not protected by the laws of any country.
2 mass migration impact (on health status and BOD)
forced out of school and work
Displaced women and children are particularly at risk of sexual and gender-based violence, increased levels of domestic violence, child abuse and alcohol-related violence
World trade
worldwide business that involves transactions in goods and services, and transporting them to interested markets.
2 world trade impact (on health status and BOD)
enhances employment options, providing opportunities for small scale business owners
increases a countries, and an individuals income and therefore more money can be directed towards health care, food and adequate shelter
Tourism
the movement of people to places outside their usual environment for leisure, business, religion, health and visiting of friends/relatives.
2 tourism impact (on health status and BOD)
increased job opportunities
encourages the promotion of traditional customs and festivals, creating a sense of pride among the people of a host nation.
Digital technologies
to electronic tools, systems, devices and resources that generate, store or process data.
2 digital technology impact (on health status and BOD)
Makes education more widely accessible.
Allows vital health information to be provided in multiple languages.
Note
Flashcard