Psych Shit | Learning

Classical Condition

learning to associate two things that repeatedly occur together.

Neutral Stimulus

something that doesn’t cause a response (bell)

Unconditioned Stimulus

is one that automatically elicites a response when presented (food)

Unconditioned Response

esponse that occurs following unconditioned stimulus without learning 

Conditioned Stimulus

the bell associated with food

Conditioned Response

occurs following a conditioned stimulus because of learning (salivating)

Altered Conditioning Types

1. Delayed

2. Temporal

3. Simultaneous

4. Backwards

Delayed Conditioning

delay between neutral stimulus presentation and unconditioned stimulus (overlaps with the food)

Temporal Conditioning

expect something because a certain amount of time has passed, rather than because of a specific external cue.

Simultaneous Conditioning

Bell and Food come out at the same time —→ doesn’t work

Backwards Conditioning

Food —> salivation —> bell (doesn’t work)

Acquisition

When classical conditioning is happening

Extinction

when your subject forgets the relationship between the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus  

Savings

means that the reconditioning process may take less time than the original round 

Spontaneous Recovery

when the conditioned response reappears out of the blue

Stimulus Generalization

the inability of a subject to tell the dif between similar stimuli

Stimulus Discrimination

the ability of a subject to tell the dif between very similar stimuli 

Operant Conditioning

: type of learning in which behavior will be strengthened if it is followed by a reinforcer / punisher 

Law of Effect 

Law of Effect  : states that behaviors will increase if they are followed by a reward and decrease if they are followed by a punisher 

Skinner Box

 typically contains light, water, bar, food dispenser, speaker

Reinforcer

any event that makes a behavior more likely

Punishment

any event that makes a behavior less likely to occur

Positive Reinforcement

Increases a behavior by presenting something desirable

Negative Reinforcement

Increase a behavior by reducing negative stimuli

Pos Punishment

decreases a behavior by giving something that you don’t like

Neg Punishment

decreases unwanted behavior by removing a stimulus that you enjoy

Primary Reinforcers

1. reinforcers used to satisfy biological needs (food , water)

Conditioned Reinforcers

1. reinforcers that we learn to associate with primary reinforcers (money)

Shaping

Shaping is an operant conditioning technique where you teach a new behavior by reinforcing small steps that gradually get closer to the desired behavior.

(teaching a dog how to shake your hand)

Premack Principle

First do X, then you can do Y."

Example

You don't really want to study, but you really want to play video games.

Continuous Reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response each and every time it occurs

Partial Reinforcement

one where we reinforce a response only some of the time (reduces chance of extinction happening)  

Types of Partial Reinforcement

1. Fixed Ratio

2. Variable Ratio

3. Fixed Interval

4. Variable Interval

Fixed Ratio

🐭 Rat presses lever 10 times → 🍬 gets food
🐭 Rat presses lever 10 more times → 🍬 gets food

Variable Ratio

fishing or gambling —> u don’t know how many time before reward

Fixed Interval SChedule

 when we reinforce a response only after a set amount of time has passed 

Variable interval

time is unpredictable

Fixed Ratio is

fastest learning

Variable Ratio

best to stop extinction

Cognitive Learning

earning that happens through thinking, understanding, remembering, and mentally processing information, rather than simply through conditioning or rewards.

Latent learning

learning that happens without an obvious reward or reinforcement, but the learning is not demonstrated until there is a reason to show it. —> rat max (learning happening even without reward)

Discovery Learning

learning by exploring, experimenting, and figuring things out yourself,

Intrinsic

makes us feel good on the inside

Extrinsic

outside rewards ie (candy)

Learned Helplessness

when someone learns that they cannot control or change a situation, so they eventually stop trying, even when opportunities to improve the situation appear.

Steps of Observational Learning

• Attention – You have to pay attention to the model.

• Retention – You have to remember what you observed.

• Reproduction – You have to be capable of performing the behavior.

• Motivation – You need a reason/incentive to actually do it.