Impact of Computing Innovations and Their Effects

Computing Innovation

Includes a program as a core function.

Program

Collection of statements performing specific tasks.

Software

Another term for a computer program.

Physical Computing Innovation

Tangible innovations like self-driving cars.

Nonphysical Computing Innovation

Intangible innovations like software or concepts.

Purpose of Computing Innovations

To solve problems or express creativity.

Unanticipated Effects

Consequences not foreseen by innovators.

Harmful Effects

Negative impacts like shortened attention spans.

Beneficial Effects

Positive impacts like increased creativity.

World Wide Web

Originally for scientific information exchange.

Targeted Advertising

Used for business but risks privacy misuse.

Machine Learning

Enables innovation but can perpetuate discrimination.

Data Mining

Extracting patterns from large data sets.

Digital Divide

Gap in access to technology and information.

Socioeconomic Factors

Influence access to computing technology.

Geographic Factors

Location affects technology access and usage.

Demographic Factors

Population characteristics influencing technology access.

Equity Issues

Concerns about fair access to technology.

Computing Bias

Reflects human biases in algorithms and data.

Facial Recognition Bias

Underrepresentation of women and minorities in data.

Algorithm Bias

Biases embedded in software development processes.

Crowdsourcing

Using public data to identify and solve problems.

Crowdsourcing

Sourcing model using a large group online.

Idea Competitions

Contests for generating innovative ideas.

Innovation Contests

Competitions to develop new products or solutions.

Microtasks

Small tasks performed by many individuals simultaneously.

Amazon Mechanical Turk

Marketplace for outsourcing tasks to distributed workers.

Citizen Science

Public participation in scientific research projects.

Folding@home

Distributed computing project for protein folding research.

Galaxy Zoo

Platform for classifying galaxies using public contributions.

ImageNet

Database using crowdsourced image labeling for algorithms.

CAPTCHA

Test to differentiate humans from bots online.

reCAPTCHA

CAPTCHA variant aiding book digitization efforts.

Intellectual Property

Legal rights to creations of the mind.

Plagiarism

Using someone else's work without proper citation.

Creative Commons

License allowing free distribution of copyrighted works.

Open Access

Free online access to research outputs.

Open Source

Software available for modification and redistribution.

Legal Concerns

Issues arising from digital information ownership.

Ethical Concerns

Moral implications of technology use and access.

Privacy

Concerns regarding personal data security and usage.

Digital Media Piracy

Illegal downloading or streaming of copyrighted content.

Algorithmic Bias

Prejudice in algorithms affecting decision-making.

Computational Systems

Systems designed for processing and analyzing data.

Social Issues

Challenges arising from technology's impact on society.

Privacy

Rights to control personal information usage.

Security

Protection of personal information from unauthorized access.

PII

Personally identifiable information that identifies an individual.

Cookies

Data files tracking user browsing habits.

Targeted Advertising

Ads tailored to individual user preferences.

Social Engineering

Tricking individuals to reveal confidential information.

Phishing Attacks

Fraudulent emails impersonating legitimate entities.

Rogue Access Point

Unauthorized wireless access point to secure networks.

Keylogging

Recording keystrokes to access confidential information.

Geo-location

Tracking user's physical location data.

Browsing History

Record of websites visited by a user.

Information Aggregation

Combining data from various sources to profile individuals.

Email Forwarding

Sharing emails that may expose private information.

Retweeting

Sharing tweets that can reach unintended audiences.

Search Engine History

Record of user searches for targeted suggestions.

Data Interception

Unauthorized access to data during transmission.

Identity Theft

Using PII to impersonate someone else.

Biometric Data

Unique physical characteristics used for identification.

Public Networks

Open networks susceptible to data interception.

Email Indicators

Signs of phishing, like misspellings or strange links.

Information Exploitation

Using personal data for malicious purposes.

Harmful Impact

Negative consequences of sharing information online.

Search Suggestion

Recommendations based on search history.

Security

Ensuring authorized access to systems and data.

Authentication

Process to verify user identity and access rights.

Multifactor Authentication

Access control requiring multiple evidence types.

Knowledge-based Authentication

Access using secret knowledge like passwords.

Possession-based Authentication

Access using a physical token like a key.

Inherence-based Authentication

Access using biometric traits like fingerprints.

Strong Passwords

Complex passwords that resist guessing and brute force.

Brute Force Attack

Attempting all possible password combinations to gain access.

Lockout Mechanism

Prevents access after a set number of failed attempts.

Biometric Authenticators

Devices that use physical traits for user verification.

Deterministic Methods

Consistent output from a given input for access.

Probabilistic Methods

Variable output from the same input for access.

White Hat Hackers

Ethical hackers assessing security for vulnerabilities.

Black Hat Hackers

Malicious hackers exploiting systems for personal gain.

Malware

Malicious software designed to harm or exploit systems.

Trojan Horse

Malware disguised as harmless software or files.

Spyware

Malware that steals confidential information without consent.

Keylogger

Records keystrokes to capture sensitive information.

Ransomware

Malware that encrypts data and demands payment for access.

Virus

Malware that attaches to files and disrupts systems.

Hacktivists

Hackers promoting political or social causes through hacking.

Cybercriminals

Individuals committing crimes via computer networks.

Access Control

Regulating who can view or use resources in a computing environment.