RAD 111 - Chapter 1 Reading Notes

Osteology

Study of bones (Page 7)

Arthrology

Study of joints (Page 7)

The adult skeletal system has how many bones?

206 (Page 7)

Muscles and bones are sometimes collectively called what?

the locomotor system (Page 7)

axial skeleton

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, sternum, and vertebral column. has 80 bones (Page 7)

appendicular skeleton

bones of the shoulder, pelvic girdle, and upper and lower extremities. Has 126 bones (Page 8)

sesamoid bones

small, oval shaped bones that are embedded in certain tendons (mostly near joints) they are not counted as part of either skeletal divisions. Except for the patellae (the two largest sesamoid bones) (Page 8)

Classifications of bones

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones (Page 8)

long bones

a body and two ends or extremities. only found in the appendicular skeleton (Page 8)

Compact bone or cortex

outer shell of most bones is composed of hard or dense bone tissue (Page 9)

Body or shaft

has a thicker layer of compact bone then the ends to resist stress. Is hollow (Page 9)

spongy or cancellous bone

Highly porous and usually contains red bone marrow, which is responsible for production of red blood cells. found inside the shell of compact bone especially at ends of long bones (Page 9)

medullary cavity

central, hollowed-out area in the body/shaft of a long bone, contains fatty yellow marrow (Page 9)

Periosteum

A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at articulating surfaces) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles. essential for bone growth, repair & nutrition (Page 9)

hyaline cartilage

The most abundant cartilage type in the body; provides firm support with some pliability. covers articulating surfaces (Page 9)

Short bones

roughly cuboidal, only in the bones of the wrist and ankles (8 carpals & 7 tarsals per wrist & ankle) (Page 9)

flat bones

These bones are thin, flat, and curved. They form the ribs, sternum, and skull. consist of two plates of compact bone with cancellous bone & bone marrow between them (Page 9)

irregular bones

vertebrae, pelvis, and facial bones (Page 9)

Ossification

process of bone formation (Page 10)

red blood cells (RBCs) production

produced by the red bone marrow of certain falt & irregular bones like the sternum, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, and the ends of long bones (Page 10)

intramembranous ossification

bone develops from a membrane. (Page 10)

endochondral ossification

process in which bone forms by replacing cartilage (Page 10)

Synathrosis

immovable joint (page 11)

Amphiarthrosis

Joint with limited movement (page 11)

Diarthrosis

freely movable joint (page 11)

fibrous joints

syndesmosis (slightly movable), suture (immovable), gomphosis (very limited movement).

They lack a joint cavity, the adjoining bones are nearly in direct contact with each other, held together by fibrous connective tissue (page 11)

cartilaginous joints

synchondrosis, symphysis (page 11)

synarthrodial joints

A type of joint in which bones are held together by tough connective tissue, making the joint essentially immovable. (Sutures) (page 11)

Gomphosis

A type of fibrous joint such as a tooth into the alveolus (page 11)

cartilaginous joints

bones held together by cartilage, lacks a joint cavity, little or no movement (Page 12)

Symphyses

A joint in which the bones are connected by fibrocartilage; slightly movable

Synchondroses

a joint in which the bones are united by hyaline cartilage; temporary joint that converts to bone in adulthood; immovable joint

synovial joints

Characterized by a fibrous capsule that contains synovial fluid; has joint space or cavity, freely movable

plane (gliding) joint

The joint permits gliding movement. (Page 12)

ginglymus (hinge) joint

flexion and extension (page 13)

Pivot (torchoid) joints

rotational movement around a single axis. Example is the proximal and distal radioulnar joints of the forearm which demonstrate the pivot movement during rotation of the hand & wrist (page 13)

Ellipsoid (Condyloid) joints

movement occurs primarily on one place and slight rotation, rotational movement is limited by ligaments and tendons. four primary directional movements are flexion, extension, abduction, & adduction. circumduction also occurs. Examples - joints at the fings, toes, and the wrist (page 13)

saddle (sellar) joint

forms between bones whose articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions. same movement at ellipsoid joints ( flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, & circumduction) (page 13)