Child Psych Exam #1

Freud - Psychoanalytic Theory of Development

Five psychosexual stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

Piaget - Four Stage Psychosocial Theory of Development

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational

Sensorimotor

Learning to understand the world through touch, taste, etc

Preoperational

Begin to represent the world with words images and drawlings

Concrete Operational

Starting to reason logically about concrete events

Formal Operational

Reasoning in more abstract and idealogical ways

Trust vs Mistrust

Expectation that the world is a good place, infant

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

The terrible twos, acting out by wanting autonomy, toddler

Inititve vs Guilt

Initiate tasks and carry out plans, feels guilty if irresponsible, preschooler

Industry vs Inferiority

Mastering knowledge and skills, but if struggling they may feel incompetent, grade school

Identity vs Identity Confusion

Adolescents figuring out who they are and what THEY want, young adult

Vygotsky

Development is intertwined with culture

Pavlov

Classic Conditioning, ring a bell

Skinner

Operant Conditioning

Operant and Classical used in childhood by…

Used in behavioral interventions dealing with extreme behaviors from kids (tantrums, agression, hyperactivity)

Bronfenbrenner

Ecological Theory - The individual, microsystem, mesosystem, ecosystem, macrosystem

Culture

The behavior, patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.

Cross-cultural studies

Compare a culture with one or more other cultures, provide information about other cultures, and examine the role of culture in children’s development.

Socioeconomic status (SES)

The grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.

Children in lower-SES and poverty

At risk for lower achievement and emotional problems, higher rates of poverty in communities of color, persistent and long-standing poverty has especially damaging effects on kids

Higher SES youth

Higher rates of substance use, delinquency, and adjustment difficulties in affluent youth than middle class

Ethnocentric

Favoring your own group over others

Impacts of Poverty

Often powerless, Often vulnerable to disaster, Alternatives are restricted, and even when alternatives are

available, they might not know about them or be prepared to choose them

Low-SES parents

Concerned that children conform to society’s expectations, Tend to have an authoritarian style, Use physical punishment more, Are more directive and less conversational

Higher-SES parents

Concerned with children’s initiative, Children are more nearly equal participants, Physical punishment is less likely, Are less directive and more conversational with children

Ethnicity

A dimension of culture based on cultural heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language

Prejudice

An unjustified negative attitude toward an individual because of her or his membership in a group

Discrimination

Prejudiced actions against a group

Pros and Cons of tech

On the positive side, it can provide extensive knowledge and can be used to

enhance children’s and adolescents’ education.

One downside is that many youth are more interested in information retrieval

than information formation.

Screen Time

Recommendation that under 2 years should have NO screen time. None. Children under 3 DO NOT learn from TV at all

Evolution Perspective

Natural selection is the only theoretical approach

Adaptive Behavior

Evolutionary Psych suggests that our behaviors are adaptive, not just our physical characteristics

Chromosomes and Genes

DNA contains lots of hereditary info, 43000 genesH

Human Genome Project

Figuring out what genes are associated with what

Genetic Variability

Genes can be turned on and odd based on the environment, these changes can last for generations

Genotype

All of a persons genetic materialP

Phenotype

Observable traits

How to test for disabilities?

Ultrasound, fetal mri, chronic villus sampling, maternal blood screening, Prenatal Testing

Adoption

Those adopted earlier more likely to have positive outcomes compared to those adopted later (18~ months or so)

Behavior Genetics

The field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development

Twin Study

The behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins (identical twins more similar on measures of conduct problems)

Adoption Study

Investigators seek to discover wether adopted children are more like their adoptive parents or biological parents (environment vs heredity)

Sandra Scarr Heredity and Environment Correlation

Three shifting mechanisms: passive correlation, inherent genetic tendencies from their parents, parents provide an environment that matches their own genetic tendencies evocative correlation, genetic tendencies elicit stimulation from the environment that supports a specific trait, genes evoke environmental support active correlation, children seek out “niches” in their environment that reflect their own interests

Shared Enviornments

Appears to account for little of the variation in a child’s personality; people develop their own personality even despite a shared environment, the older you get the more you become yourself

Epigenetic View

Development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional, interchange between heredity and the environment, both impact it

Gene x Environment Interaction

The interaction of a specific measured variation in DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment, the current view is that complex behavior is influenced by genes in a way that gives people a predisposition to stuff

Conception

When a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female’s fallopian tube, in a process called fertilization

Germinal period

Takes place in the first two weeks after conception and includes, The creation of the zygote, Continued cell division; and Implantation

Implantation

The attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.

Blastocyst

group of cells consists of an inner mass, eventually becomes the embryo

Trophoblast

An outlerlayer, provides nutrition and support

Embryonic Period

Two to eight weeks after conception, Cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for cells form, and organs appear

The inner endoderm

Part of blastocyst, will develop into the digestive

and respiratory systems

The middle mesoderm

Part of blastocyst, will become the circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system, and reproductive system

The outermost ectoderm

Part of blastocyst, will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and skin parts.

Amnion

A bag or envelope containing a clear fluid in which the developing embryo float

Umbilical cord

Contains two arteries and one vein and connects the baby to the placenta

Placenta

Disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and offspring intertwine but don't actually combine; think of the synapse between neurons. Nutrients and waste are passed through the placental barrier

Organogenesis

The process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development.

Fetal Period

Lasting about seven months, growth and development continue their dramatic course, last period

Viability

The possibility of surviving outside the womb) occurs at the very end of the second trimester

Beginning Brain

The basic architecture of the brain is assembled in the first two trimesters.

The Neural Tube

Forms 18-24 days after conception, after this is closed neurogenesis begins where neurons are massively grown and then spread throughout the body, to prevent defects in this region get lots of folic acid

Teratogen

Any agent that can cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

Are a cluster of abnormalities and problems that appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy

Maternal diseases

Produce defects by crossing the placental barrier or during birth

Factors that can affect a fetus

Stress, Drugs, Nutrition, Age, Environment

Afterbirth

Final stage of birth only lasting only minutes: the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled

Doula

A caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support before, during, and after childbirth.

Natural childbirth

Attempts to reduce pain by decreasing fear through education and relaxation

Prepared childbirth

Includes a special breathing technique and a more detailed anatomy and physiology course

Cesarean delivery

Re moval of the baby from the mother’s uterus through an abdominal incision,

has been increasingly common in recent decades, most common when baby is in breech position

Breech Position

Baby comes out butt first, can cause respiratory issues

Apgar Scale

Widely used to assess the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

Performed within 24 to 36 hours, It assesses the newborn’s neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people and objects, A revised version, the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) assesses “at-risk” infants.

Low birth weight infants

Weigh less than 5.5 poundsP

Preterm infants

Born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term

Small for Gestational Age Infants

Weigh bellow normal when the length of the pregnancy is considered

Interventions for preterm babies

Kangaroo care, massage, physical contact, medical intervention

Postpartum period

The period after childbirth when the parents adjust, both physically and psychologically, to the process of childbirth and parenthood

Postpartum depression

Such strong feelings of sadness, anxiety, or despair that the woman has trouble coping with daily tasks

Bonding

The formation of a close connection, especially a physical bond, between parents and their newborn in the period shortly after birth.

Most growth in development?

Most growth happens in infancy, first year, infants grow one inch per month in their first year, this slows considerably in the second year

Menarche

A girls first menstrual cycle, normal between 9-15

Precocious Puberty

Very onset and rapid progression of puberty

Androgens

The main class of male sex hormones

Estrogens

The main class of female sex hormones

Testostrone

An androgen associated with boys with development of genitals, increased height, and voice changes

Estradiol

An estrogen associated in girls with breasts, uterine, and skeletal development

Gonads

Sex glands, balls and ovaries

Early maturation effects in girls

These can include smoking, drinking, depression, eating disorders, struggles for independence, older friends, earlier sexual intercourse, and a heightened sensitivity to stress

Brain Development

Brain connections are determined by experiences, brain has plasticity

Neuroconstructivist View on Brain

Cognitive development and neural structures emerge through a continuous, bidirectional interaction between biological constraints and environmental experiences over time

Frontal Lobe

Voluntary movement, thinking, personality, emotion memory, most delicate

Occipital Lobe

Vision

Temporal Lobe

Hearing, language processing and memory

Parietal Lobe

Spatial location, directing attention, motor control

Hypothalamus

Regulates breathing, temp, hunger

Pituitary Gland

Central station of hormones

Amygdala

Emotions, matures earlier in life