Introduction to Psychiatric Neuroscience

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering psychiatric definitions, diagnostic criteria, classification systems, historical milestones, and modern research frameworks based on the lecture transcript.

Mental Disorder (DSM-5)

A syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or development processes underlying mental functioning.

Depressive Episode (Criteria A)

The presence of $5$ or more symptoms during the same $2$-week period representing a change from previous functioning, where at least one symptom is depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure.

Specificity in Psychiatry

The concept that one subjective symptom could indicate multiple disorders or no disorder at all, often making specific diagnosis difficult.

ICD-11

The $11^{\text{th}}$ revision of the International Classification of Diseases, featuring $21$ categories of mental disorders, with development finished in $2022$.

Anxiety Disorders (1-year prevalence)

The most prevalent mental disorder category in Germany, affecting approximately $10.0$ million people.

DALY

Disability Adjusted Life Years; a statistic representing the years of life lost because of illness-related issues.

Biopsychosocial Model

A multidimensional etiology framework proposed by Engel ($1977$) that integrates Biological (genetics, maturation), Psychological (emotions, behavior), and Social (work, status) factors.

Neurostimulation

A multimodal treatment category in psychiatry including methods such as repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ($rTMS$), Electroconvulsive Therapy ($ECT$), and Vagus Nerve Stimulation ($VNS$).

Lithium RCT (1954)

The first randomized controlled trial in psychiatry, conducted by Schou et al., investigating the use of Lithium for mania.

Aktion T4

A Nazi mass murder program ($1940$-$1941$) targeting the mentally ill under the ideology that they represented "Life-unworthy lives."

Werner Heyde

The Chair of Psychiatry at Würzburg ($1939$-$1945$) and Medical Director of "Aktion T4" who later practiced under the alias "Dr. Sawade."

Precision Medicine in Psychiatry

A novel framework moving from symptom-based categories to data-driven categories using genetics, brain activity, physiology, and behavioral processes.

HiTOP

The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology; a statistical construct that organizes psychopathology into dimensions, spectra, and syndromes.

Transdiagnostic Staging Model

A model describing the progression of mental illness from Stage $0$ (Asymptomatic at risk) to Stage $4$ (Severe, unremitting, or refractory illness).

Salpêtrière Retardation Rating Scale (SRRS)

A scale ranging from $0$ to $60$ points used to measure psychomotor slowing; a score above $15$ points is considered psychomotor slowing.

$1$-Hz rTMS

An inhibitory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation intervention that demonstrated a higher response rate for treating psychomotor slowing in psychosis compared to $iTBS$ or sham treatment.