European Expansion / Columbian Exchange

Who do historians believe were the first Europeans to come to North America? During what year?

Vikings, year 1000.

Europeans were _____ (feeling) about the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453.

Concerned

The fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire impacted the Europeans by--

The closing of traditional overland trade routes in Asia, which led to European powers seeking alternative sea routes, was a significant historical development.

Where did it Originate? Purpose? Significance? Lateen Sail

Mediterranean Region, maneuverability, made it possible for ships to sail effectively against the wind, allowing for more maneuverability.

Where did it Originate? Purpose? Significance? Rudder

China, Steering, Improved a ship's handling and control

Where did it Originate? Purpose? Significance? Astrolabe

Ancient Greece (later improved by Islamic scholars), figure out latitude to sailors, Helped sailors measure the angle between a celestial body and the horizon, telling sailors their latitude.

Where did it Originate? Purpose? Significance? Compass

China, navigation, allowed sailors to find direction accurately by pointing to the magnetic north, allowing long distance voyage.

What was required for exploration besides innovations in maritime (ocean) technology?

Financial support, sponsorships from monarchs or governments, skilled navigate and crew.

In the late 1400s, both Portugal and Spain were emerging from centuries of rule by:

Islamic Moors

What are 3 features of Portugal's geography that made it ideal for exploration?

a. Access to the Atlantic Ocean

b. Near North Africa

c. Natural Harbors

What did King John I hope to gain by capturing the city of Ceuta in Morocco?

Secure Base for Portuguese trade and exploration

The son of King John is knows as Prince Henry "the _______"

Navigator

Who was the first European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) and was the year?

Bartolomeu Dias in 1488

Citadel meaning

Fortified Structure

What did the Portuguese gain from the papal decree known as the Romanus Pontifex (1455)?

Rights to the African Trade

What was Christopher Columbus seeking when he asked King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella for money to sponsor his expedition? Why did they agree to his request?

Sponsorship for his expedition. They agreed because they believed it could bring wealth and prestige to Spain.

On what island did Columbus encounter the Arawak people he mistook for Indians?

San Salvador (now part of Bahamas)

How did the continents known as the Americas get their names?

An Italian explorer; Amerigo made several trips and wrote about his discoveries.

What is a conquistador?

A successful Spanish or Portuguese solder, explorer, or adventurer who participated in the conquest, colonization, and exploration of the Americas during the age of exploration.

What is an encomienda?

A system where Spanish colonists were granted the right to extracted forced labor and tribute from Indigenous people.

What was the capital city of the Aztec Empire?

Tenochtitlan

Summarize the events that took place when Hernan Cortes encountered the Aztec people.

Hernan encountered the Aztec People in 1519. He, along with a small group of Spanish solders, initially established contact with Moctezuma II. Over time, tension and conflicts arose, eventually the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire.

Who was Moctezuma II?

The 9th emperor of the Aztec Empire.

What are major reasons the Spanish were successful defeating the Aztecs?

Superior weaponry, Assistance from some local Indigenous People, and Smallpox (Disease)

What did the Spanish force Indigenous Americans to do upon their defeat?

To provide forced labor.

What Spanish Adventurer conquered the Inca Empire in South America in 1532?

Francisco Pizarro

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas? What was the impact?

agreement between Portugal and Spain, divided who owns land in the America's. The impact was division of newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal. Division set the stage for colonization and exploration effects one these 2 nations in the new world and other regions.

How did other Europeans nations respond to the Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal?

Other European nations ignored the treaty and perused their own exploration.

What was the Columbian Exchange?

Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and ideas between the Old and New World.

What are 8 things that came from the New World to the Old World and Vise Versa in the Columbian Exchange?

New to Old:

Corn

Potatoes

Tomatoes

Peppers (Chili)

Cocoa

Tobacco

Turkey

Pumpkins

Old to New:

Pigs

Chickens

Coffee

Sugar

Horses

Bananas

Cattle

Wheat

Cite one example of an Indigenous tribe adopting/adapting an aspect of European life?

Comanche adopted Spanish horses, changing their way of life.

What did some indigenous negotiators seek to gain by traveling to Europe?

to seek aid, military assistance, and economic benefits for their people.

What was the most devastating impact of the Columbian Exchange? What made it so devastating to the natives?

Diseased brought by Columbus devastated the Native Americans because they had no immunity.

About how many Americans were in America in 1492? What percent died?

About 40-60 million native Americans were in America in 1492, and around 90 percent died.

How did the disease epidemic help lead to slavery in the Americas?

Disease led to a labor shortage, contributing to African Slavery in the Americas.

What crops did Columbus and his followers bring to the New World?

Columbus introduced wheat, barley, rye, sugar, bananas, and citrus fruits.

What crops became foundations of the slave trade (Hint:4 answers)?

Sugar, rice, cotton, and tobacco were foundation crops for the slave trade.

Which domesticated animals did Eurasia bring to the Americas? Which one had the biggest impact? Why?

Eurasia brought horses, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. Horses had the biggest impact. Horses revolutionized Native American life, making buffalo hunting more easier and effective.

What impact did cattle have on Americas?

Cattle led to ranching economies in the Americas but threatened native Americans crops.

How did maize impact the Old World?

Maize became a vital grain in North Africa, Egypt, and the Ottoman Empire.

How did the potato impact the Old World? How did it help lead to the industrial revolution?

Potatoes boosted population growth in Europe, possibly contributing to the industrial revolution and imperialism.

When does a disease become endemic?

When it comes from person without external source.

How did human domestication of animals impact diseases? What are some example of diseases that came to humans from animals?

Humans domesticated animals which had diseases and transmitted to humans like how covid-19 started.

How do populations build up resistances to diseases?

When someone gets sick enough times then the kids will get the genes that is resisted to that disease.

What did Robert de La Salle's travels show us about the impact of diseases that Hernando de Soto brought?

La Salle's journeys revealed the devastating impact of diseases brought by de Soto on native people

What did Lord Amherst do to contribute to the spread of disease in the New World?

Amherst distributed blankets from smallpox victim as a way to destroy an Indian uprising.

Who invented the smallpox vaccine? When?

Edward Jenner in 1796