EMS review video 2.0

How much O2 is in room air?

21% oxygen

Capillary refill time

2 seconds or less

Max suction time

No more than 15 seconds

Why does snoring happen?

The tongue is obstructing the airway

Paradoxical motion

Chest wall moves opposite the normal pattern during breathing, seen in flail chest; the injured segment moves in on inhalation and out on exhalation

CO = SV x HR

Cardiac Output equals Stroke Volume multiplied by Heart Rate (SV comes first, then HR)

Cardiac Output (CO)

The amount of blood the heart pumps per minute

Stroke Volume (SV)

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each single beat

Formula for minute volume

Tidal Volume x RR

Minute Volume

The total amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minute

Tidal Volume

The amount of air moved during a single normal breath

Unilateral lung sounds

Suggests pneumothorax, meaning absent or decreased breath sounds on one side

Emphysema

Thin patients who breathe through pursed lips, work hard to keep airways open, and stay pink since oxygen levels remain fairly normal until late stages

CO2 RESPONSIVE, COMPENSATORY HYPERVENTILATION

Chronic Bronchitis

A form of COPD with

inflammation of the bronchi,

crackles and wheezing,

cyanosis

fluid retention (peripheral edema)

obese patients

aka blue bloaters

CO2 RETENTION

Croup

Viral infection causing stridor and a barking cough

Epiglottitis

Bacterial infection causing drooling and difficulty swallowing

Aorta

The largest artery in the body, carrying oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body

Ischemic Stroke

Caused by a clot, often from a DVT, that travels to the brain and blocks blood flow

DVT

Deep vein thrombosis, a blood clot that forms in a deep vein, usually in the leg

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

A clot that dissolves on its own within 24 hours, reversing stroke like symptoms

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A brain bleed with signs like a spike in blood pressure and loss of perfusion from increased pressure

Golden hour for stroke

Get a CT scan within one hour of symptom onset

Right lower abdominal pain

Suggests appendicitis

Left upper abdominal pain with left shoulder pain

Suggests a spleen injury

Tearing abdominal pain radiating to the back

Suggests an abdominal aortic aneurysm

Fever and stiff neck

Suggests meningitis

Bloody sputum

Suggests tuberculosis

Pink frothy sputum

Suggests congestive heart failure

Suctioning order for a baby

Mouth before nose, M before N

Nuchal cord

If the cord is wrapped around the baby's neck, gently slip it over the baby's head; if too tight, clamp and cut the cord

Prolapsed cord

Keep pressure off the cord by inserting gloved fingers to lift the presenting part, elevate the mother's hips, and transport immediately

Heat exhaustion

Heat emergency presents with cool clammy skin and normal mental status

Epidural Hematoma

Bleeding between the skull and the dura mater, often arterial with rapid onset and a possible lucid interval

Subdural Hematoma

Bleeding between the dura mater and the brain, often venous with a slower onset

Subarachnoid Hematoma

Bleeding into the space between the arachnoid and pia mater, often from a ruptured aneurysm, causing a sudden severe headache

Coup

injury occurs at the site of impact

Traction splint fracture type

Used for a closed femur fracture

Cardiac Tamponade

Fluid buildup in the pericardial sac that compresses the heart and reduces its ability to pump

First degree burn / Superficial burn

red and painful

Second degree burn / Partial thickness burn

red with blisters

Third degree burn / Full thickness burn

appears white or gray and is painless due to nerve damage

Ecchymosis

Bruising caused by blood leaking under the skin

Urticaria

Hives, a raised itchy rash often from an allergic reaction

Priapism

A prolonged and often painful erection unrelated to sexual stimulation

Epistaxis

A nosebleed

Hematopoiesis

The process of forming blood cells, mainly in the bone marrow

Jaundice

Yellowing of the skin and eyes caused by a buildup of bilirubin, often from liver dysfunction

Rule of Palms

The patient's palm equals about 1% of total body surface area, used to estimate small or scattered burns

Rule of Nines

A method dividing the body into sections of about 9% each to estimate total body surface area burned

Contrecoup

injury occurs on the opposite side of the brain

Heat Stroke

Heat emergency presents with hot dry or flushed skin and altered mental status