BIoligy Assingment 3 AP

1 cyto-=

cell (cytosol is the cell

2. lyso- =

loosen/break down (lysosomes break down cell food) 

3. phago- =

to eat (phagocytes are cells that eat bacteria and viruses)

4. pseudo- =

false (pseudopod are footlike extensions on amoebas for movement)

5. pro- =

before (prokaryotes evolved before a nucleus) 

6. trans- =

across (translocation is movement of sugars from leaf to stem) 

7.co- =

together (coevolution is evolution of 2 species that effect each other) 

8. hyper- =

exceeding (hypertonic solutions have higher dissolved solutes compared to another solution)

9. hypo- =

lower (hypoglycemia is low blood sugar)

10. exo- =

outer (exoskeletons are outer skeletons of insects, crustaceans and arachnids) 

11. glyco- =

sweet (glycolysis is the breakdown of sugar)

12. endo- =

within (endoskeletons are inside skeletons, in all mammals, birds, fish, amphibians and reptiles)

13, iso- =

equal (isotonic solutions are equal in dissolved solvents compared to another solutions)

14. hydro-=

water (hydrophobic means water fearing)

15. an- =

not (anaerobic means "without oxygen") 

16. chemi-

chemical (chemitaxis is movement toward a chemical) 

17. auto- =

self (autotrophs make their own food themselves)

18. chloro- =

green (chloroplasts are the green organelles that do photosynthesis)

19. hetero- =

other (heterotrophs get their food from others)

20. Meso-

middle (the mesoderm is the middle layer of cells in a developing embryo) 

21. photo- =

light (photosynthesis means putting together using light)

22. bi-/di- =

two (diploid cells have 2 sets of chromosomes, which includes all body cells)

23. centro-

the center (centromeres are the central part where 2 sister chromatids are connected)

24. gen- =

produce (Genetics means having the codes to produce an organism)

25, inter- =

between (interphase is the part of the cell cycle between cell division)

26. mal- =

bad or evil (a malformed kidney is a poorly formed)

27, homo- =

like or same (homozygous means 2 chromosomes that have the same alleles)

28. syn-

together (synapsis occurs when 2 chromosomes next to each other swap genes) 

29. tetra-

four (tetrads are 4 sister chromatids lined up) 

30, mono- =

one (monomers are the subunits that make up polymers) 31. pedi- =

32. Poly -

many (monomers combine to form repeating chains called polymers) 

33. hemo- =

blood (hemoglobin carries oxygen in the red blood cells of the blood)

34. non- =

not (nondisjunction is a failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis)

35. re-

again (reexamine is to examine again)

36. semi- =

half (semiconservative replication means half of the new DNA molecule is from the old strand)

37. neuro- =

nerve (neurons are nerve cells)

38, anti- =

opposite (antiparallel refers to DNA strands running in opposite directions)

39, retro- =

backward (retroviruses have to make DNA from RNA, instead of RNA from DNA)

40. eu- =

rue (eukaryotes are cells with a true nucleus) 

41. apic- =

tip (apical meristems are the tips of plants that grow up and down) 

42. bio- =

life (biology is the study of life) 

43. paleo- =

ancient (Paleontology is the study of dinosaurs and life before recorded history)

44. vestigi- =

trace (vestigial organs like the eyes on the blind cave fish use to have function, but no longer)

45. intra- =

within (intracellular digestion is digestion inside the cell) 

46. micro- =

small (microscopes see things that can't be seen with the naked eye)

47. post- =

after (post-synaptic clefts are on the receiving neuron) 

48. sym- =

together (symbiosis is when one species interacts with another species)

49. thermo- =

temperature (endotherms maintain a stable internal temperature, and are warm-blooded) 50, con- =

51. gymno-

naked (gymnosperms like pine trees have seeds not contained within a fruit)

52. peri- =

around (the peripheral nervous system surrounds the brain and spinal cord) 

53. a--

without (asexual reproduction doesn't require 2 sources of genetic material)

54, cephal- =

head (The cephalothorax of a spider is its head fused with its thorax)

55. ecto-

outside (Ectotherms have the external environment control their body temperature)

56. Gastro-

stomach (the gastro-intestinal tract includes the stomach and intestines) 

57. -pod =

foot (snails move on their single pseudopod) 

58. Arthro-

ointed (arthropods like insects have jointed appendages) 

59. uni- =

one (unicellular means made up of 1 cells) 

60. vivi- =

a live (viviparous mammals give birth to live young) 

61, aqua- =

water (aquaporins are protein channels in cells to move water)

62. myco- =

a fungus (mycorhizzae attaches to plant roots to increase surface area of water absorption)

63. -phyto =

a plant (pteridophytes are seedless vascular plants)

64. homeo- =

same (homeostasis means having a stable internal environment)

65. osteo- =

bone (osteocytes are bone cells)

66. omni- =

all (omnivores can eat plants and animals)

67, cardi- =

heart (cardiologists are doctors of the heart) 

68, erythro- =

red (erythrocytes are red blood cells)

69. leuko- =

white (leukocytes are white blood cells)

70. myo- =

muscle (myosin is a muscle protein)

71. pulmo- =

a lung (pulmonary arteries take blood to the lungs)

72. counter- =

opposite (counter current exchange is where the fish blood moves opposite to the water)

73. reni/nephr- =

a kidney (renal veins lead away from the kidney, the kidney contains nephrons) 

74. epi- =

above, over (epistasis is where one gene is on top of, or turns on, another gene) 

75. -ectomy =

cut out (an appendectomy is when you cut out the appendix)

76. soma- =

a body (somatic cells are body cells)

77. geo-

the Earth (geology is the study of the earth) 

78. de-

from, down, out (detoxify example is to take out toxins from the blood) 

79. covalent bond -

A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one pair of valence electrons. 

80. hydrogen bond -

A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar

82. solvent -

The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known. 

83. denaturation -

For proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. For DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature.

84. dehydration synthesis -

A reaction in which two molecules become covalent bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water; also called, condensation reaction

86. protein -

A three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids.

87. substrate -

The reactant on which an enzyme works.

88, adaptations -

Inherited characteristics that enhance the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. 

89. diffusion -

The spontaneous tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated to a less concentrated grease

90. enzyme -

A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. 

91, evolution -

All the changes that have transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity that characterizes it today..

92. molecule -

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

93. monomer -

The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.

94. protein -

A three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids.

95. symbiosis -

An ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct contact.

96. homeostasis -

The steady-state physiological condition of the body.

97. taxonomy -

The branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life.

98. physiology -

The study of the functions of an organism.

99. ecology -

The study of how organisms interact with their environments.

100. water potential -

The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure.

hydrolysis

A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water; an essential process in digestion. 

 solute

-A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

 con- = 

with (concurrent gas exchange, where blood moves with the water's direction, is not found in fish) 

pedi- =

a child (pedigrees show the children of parents in a family tree)