psych 2 exam

Memory

The capacity to encode, store, and retrieve information.

Information Processing

How information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

Framework for understanding memory stages.

Encoding

Transforming information into a memory format.

Storage

Maintaining information over time.

Retrieval

Accessing stored information when needed.

Sensory Memory

Brief retention of sensory information.

Short-term Memory

Temporary storage for limited information.

Short-term Memory Capacity

Stores about 7 items for 20-30 seconds.

Chunking

Grouping information to enhance memory retention.

Working Memory

Active processing of information in short-term memory.

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Component handling visual and spatial information.

Phonological Loop

Component managing auditory information.

Episodic Buffer

Integrates information across different modalities.

Central Executive

Controls attention and coordinates memory tasks.

Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)

Involved in decision-making and emotional regulation.

Prefrontal Cortex

Critical for planning and complex cognitive behavior.

Basal Ganglia

Associated with procedural memory and motor control.

Hippocampus

Essential for forming new memories.

Amygdala

Processes emotions and emotional memories.

Levels of Processing Theory

Deeper processing leads to better memory retention.

Deep Learning Techniques

Methods like elaboration enhance memory retention.

Serial Position Effect

Recall is better for first and last items.

Primacy Effect

Better recall of initial items in a list.

Recency Effect

Better recall of most recent items.

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new memories post-injury.

Declarative Memory

Explicit memory for facts and events.

Nondeclarative Memory

Implicit memory for skills and tasks.

Semantic Memory

Memory for general knowledge and facts.

Episodic Memory

Memory for personal experiences and events.

Autobiographical Memory

Memory of one's life history.

Classical Conditioning

Learning through association between stimuli.

Operant Conditioning

Learning through consequences of behavior.

Positive Reinforcement

Adding a stimulus to increase behavior.

Negative Reinforcement

Removing a stimulus to increase behavior.

Positive Punishment

Adding a stimulus to decrease behavior.

Negative Punishment

Removing a stimulus to decrease behavior.

Premack Principle

More probable behaviors reinforce less probable ones.

Shaping

Gradually reinforcing behaviors toward a desired goal.

Observational Learning

Learning by watching others.

Heuristics

Mental shortcuts for problem-solving.

Evolutionary Psychology

Study of behavior through evolutionary principles.

Natural Selection

Process where organisms better adapted survive.

Fitness

Reproductive success of an individual.

Altruism

Selfless concern for the well-being of others.

Reciprocal Altruism

Helping others with expectation of future help.

Sexual Selection

Natural selection based on mating success.

MGC Role

Influences mate choice through genetic compatibility.