Chapter 2: Names, Formulas and Properties

IUPAC

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, an organization that sets the naming conventions for chemical substances.

Systematic Name

The unique name assigned to a pure substance that describes its composition.

Binary Compounds

Compounds made up of only two elements.

Binary Molecular Compounds

Compounds consisting of two elements joined by covalent bonds.

Covalent Bonds

Chemical bonds formed through the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Binary Ionic Compounds

Compounds consisting of two elements (a metal and a non-metal) joined by ionic bonds.

Cation

A positively charged ion.

Multivalent

Elements that can form more than one type of ion.

Stock System

A method for naming cations that includes the ionic charge in parentheses as a Roman numeral.

Polyatomic Ions

Ions made of two or more different atoms that carry a charge.

-ate

A suffix used for many common polyatomic ions indicating they have a specific number of oxygen atoms.

-ite

A suffix used to indicate polyatomic ions that have one less oxygen atom than their '-ate' counterparts.

Hydrogen Compounds

Compounds that include hydrogen, usually molecular, with naming conventions that do not use prefixes.

Acids Naming Rule

Hydrogen ____ide solutions are named hydro______ic acid.

Hydroxide Ions

Ions that are released by bases when dissolved in water.

Electrolyte

A substance that conducts electricity when dissolved in water or melted.

Solubility

The ability of a compound to dissolve in a solvent.

Acid-Base Indicator

Chemicals that change color based on the concentration of hydrogen or hydroxide ions.

pH Scale

A numerical scale used to measure the acidity or basicity of a solution.

Neutralization Reaction

A reaction where an acid and a base react to form water and a salt.

Hydrogen Bonds

Attractive forces between the positive end of one water molecule and the negative end of another.

Intermolecular Forces

Forces that exist between molecules, including hydrogen bonds.

Intramolecular Forces

Forces that exist within a molecule, such as covalent bonds.

Capillary Action

The spontaneous flow of a liquid into narrow spaces without the assistance of external forces.

Concave Meniscus

The curve of the liquid surface in a container due to adhesive forces between the liquid and container.

Electrolytes vs. Non-electrolytes

Electrolytes conduct electricity in solution, while non-electrolytes do not.