Lipids and Fats

True or False: Fats give more energy than carbs

True

4 Reasons for feeding fat

Energy, source of essential fatty acids, absorption of fat soluble vitamins, and reproduction

the 4 fat soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K

4 sources of Fat 

animal tallow, animal grease, fish oil, and poultry blended fat

lipids

organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic compounds

Triglycerides

main storage form of energy in the animal body

what is important in metabolism 

glycolipids, sterols, and lipoproteins

what is the purpose of lipoproteins

transport triglycerides, cholesterol, and other lipids via the blood to other organ systems for metabolism

VLDL vs IDL vs LDL vs HDL

VLDL- very low density lipoprotein

IDL- intermediate density lipoprotein

LDL- low density lipoprotein

HDL- high density lipoprotein (good)

Sample Lipids

esters of fatty acids with various alcohols

Compound Lipids

esters of fatty acids containing non lipid substances

derived lipids

derived from simple or compound lipids by hydrolysis

Sterols 

lipids with ring structures

Fatty Acids consist of

chains of carbon atoms with a carboxyl group on each end of each chain

What do trans fatty acids do in the diet of non ruminant animals

increases plasma LDL and decrease HDL cholesterol

esters of fatty acids and glycerol 

monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides

ester

chemical compounds formed by a reaction of alcohol with an organic acid

How do you know if a simple triglyceride will be solid or liquid at room temperature

10 or more carbons- solid

less than 10- liquid (oils)

Animal fat

triglycerides with a long chain saturated fatty acids (solid)

Oils

triglycerides with fatty acids that are polyunsaturated (liquid/oil)

Saponification number 

number of mg of KOH required for the saponification 1g of fat 

saponification

hydrolysis break down ester bonds to glycerol and fatty acids

Reichert-Meissl number

number of mols of 0.1N KOH solution required to neutralize that volatile water soluble fatty acids from 5g of fat

volatile fatty acids

very soluble and easily absorbed (in the lumen) short-chain fatty acids

Iodine number

number of grams of iodine that can be added to the unsaturated bonds in 100g of fat. Can also. measure the degree of saturation 

the most abundant sterol in animal tissue

cholesterol

Functions of Phospholipids and Sterols

supply energy for normal maintenance and productive functions

Phospholipids and Sterols are a source of … and a carrier of …

source of essential fatty acids

carrier of- fat soluble vitamins

all the energy in the diet can be provided by carbs except for …

The requirements needed by essential fatty acids

Essential vs non essential fatty acids

essential fatty acids cannot be made by the body

non essential fatty acids can synthesize in the body from other nutrients

3 examples of essential fatty acids

linoleic aicd, omega 6 fatty acid, and arachidonic acid

the upper small intestine is the site of

the major processes of preparation for absorption of lipids

bile salts produced in the liver…

emulsify lipids in the small intestine

monoglycerides + free fatty acids = 

triglycerides

lipids

organic compounds containing C, H, O

the degree of softness of triacyglycerol depends on

the number of double bonds degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids

absorption of lipids is dependent on 

formation of lipid micelles containing bile salts, phospholipids, other lipids in the intestine

Absorption of long chain fatty acids occurs in the

lymphatic system

biosynthesis of fatty acids from carbs and amino acids occurs in

the liver, mammary tissue, and adipose tissue

Synthesis of fatty acids begins with …

acetyl CoA and progresses to longer chains 

fatty acids

the building blocks of fats containing a hydrocarbon chain and a carboxyl group